Table 2.

Prevalence and association (coefficient and 95% confidence interval) with Follow-up HIV-related behavioral risks by reported baseline lifetime adverse childhood experience among Malawian adolescents (N=1, 878)

Baseline Adverse Childhood Experiences			Estimated Associations with Follow-up HIV Behavioral Risks
			All		Girls		Boys
			bivariate	adjusted	bivariate	adjusted	bivariate	adjusted
	mean	SD
Cumulative ACEs (0–13)	5.08	2.18	0.05***	0.01	0.06***	0.04**	0.03	0
			[0.03, 0.07]	[−0.00, 0.03]	[0.04, 0.09]	[0.01, 0.06]	[−0.00, 0.06]	[−0.02, 0.03]
ACE Tertiles	n	Prop.
1st Tertile (0–4 ACEs)	804	0.43	-	-	-	-	-	-
			-	-	-	-	-	-
2nd Tertile (5–6 ACEs)	563	0.3	0.06	−0.04	0.09	0.01	0	−0.08
			[−0.05, 0.17]	[−0.14, 0.05]	[−0.05, 0.24]	[−0.11, 0.14]	[−0.16, 0.17]	[−0.22, 0.07]
3rd Tertile (7–13 ACEs)	508	0.27	0.20***	0.06	0.32***	0.21**	0.07	−0.02
			[0.08, 0.32]	[−0.04, 0.16]	[0.16, 0.47]	[0.07, 0.34]	[−0.09, 0.24]	[−0.17, 0.13]
Individual ACEs	n	Prop.
Abuse & Neglect
Emotional neglect	1,606	0.86	0.22***	0.05	0.20*	0.05	0.21*	0.08
			[0.09, 0.34]	[−0.06, 0.15]	[0.05, 0.36]	[−0.07, 0.17]	[0.02, 0.39]	[−0.09, 0.24]
Emotional abuse	991	0.53	0.23***	0.02	0.26***	0.15*	0.18*	−0.06
			[0.13, 0.32]	[−0.07, 0.11]	[0.14, 0.38]	[0.03, 0.26]	[0.04, 0.32]	[−0.19, 0.08]
Physical neglect	612	0.33	0.02	0.09*	0.03	0.07	0	0.11
			[−0.08, 0.11]	[0.00, 0.17]	[−0.11, 0.16]	[−0.04, 0.18]	[−0.14, 0.14]	[−0.02, 0.24]
Physical abuse	997	0.53	−0.02	−0.01	−0.05	0.04	−0.01	−0.05
			[−0.12, 0.07]	[−0.10, 0.07]	[−0.18, 0.07]	[−0.06, 0.15]	[−0.15, 0.13]	[−0.18, 0.07]
Sexual abuse	121	0.06	0.30**	0.11	0.40**	0.17	0.2	0.09
			[0.09, 0.51]	[−0.07, 0.29]	[0.14, 0.66]	[−0.05, 0.39]	[−0.14, 0.53]	[−0.19, 0.38]
Family Dysfunction
Substance abuser in household	414	0.22	0.1	0.03	0.06	−0.01	0.12	0.08
			[−0.01, 0.21]	[−0.07, 0.13]	[−0.09, 0.22]	[−0.13, 0.11]	[−0.04, 0.29]	[−0.07, 0.23]
Someone with mental health issues	114	0.06	0.11	0.08	0.33**	0.21	−0.14	−0.08
			[−0.08, 0.30]	[−0.09, 0.24]	[0.08, 0.57]	[−0.00, 0.42]	[−0.43, 0.15]	[−0.32, 0.16]
Incarcerated household member	233	0.12	0.19**	0.09	0.39***	0.25**	0	−0.03
			[0.05, 0.34]	[−0.03, 0.22]	[0.19, 0.60]	[0.07, 0.43]	[−0.20, 0.20]	[−0.21, 0.15]
Domestic violence	1,096	0.59	0.05	0	0.1	0.04	0.02	−0.02
			[−0.04, 0.14]	[−0.08, 0.08]	[−0.03, 0.23]	[−0.06, 0.14]	[−0.12, 0.15]	[−0.15, 0.10]
Parents dead or divorced	931	0.5	0.14**	0.03	0.28***	0.1	0.02	−0.02
			[0.05, 0.24]	[−0.05, 0.11]	[0.15, 0.40]	[−0.00, 0.20]	[−0.12, 0.15]	[−0.14, 0.10]
Peer
Bullied	588	0.31	0.11*	0.05	0.22**	0.20***	−0.01	−0.03
			[0.01, 0.21]	[−0.03, 0.14]	[0.07, 0.37]	[0.08, 0.32]	[−0.15, 0.13]	[−0.16, 0.10]
Community
Community violence	1,654	0.88	0.25***	−0.05	0.12	−0.09	0.39***	0
			[0.12, 0.39]	[−0.17, 0.06]	[−0.05, 0.29]	[−0.22, 0.05]	[0.19, 0.59]	[−0.18, 0.18]
Collective violence	165	0.09	0.20*	0.06	0.16	0.02	0.25	0.12
			[0.03, 0.37]	[−0.08, 0.21]	[−0.06, 0.38]	[−0.16, 0.20]	[−0.00, 0.50]	[−0.10, 0.35]

^*p<0.05,

^**p<0.01,

^***p<0.001

Control variables in the adjusted models are age, gender, follow-up SES, follow-up marital status, and region