Table 2.

Comparative analysis of genes related to vertebrate host and vector invasion.

Gene name	References	Function	Vector stage	Host stage	Sequence variation
p25	73	Laminin interaction	Yes	Yes	No
P28	74	Laminin interaction	Yes	Yes	No
soap	75	Secreted ookinete adhesive protein	Yes	No	Yes
ctrp	76	Ookinete invasion CTRP (circumsporozoite & TRAP-related protein)	Yes	No	Yes
csp	77,78	Sporozoite coat protein circumsporozoite protein	Yes	No	Yes
sr	79	Scavenger receptor-like protein	Yes	No	No
imc1	80	Inner membrane complex, involved in invasion into salivary glands	Yes	No	No
ecp1/ser8	81	Egress cysteine protease 1/ serine repeat antigen, involved in sporozoite egress	Yes	No	Yes
sera4	82	Serine repeat antigen, upregulated prior to merozoite formation	No	Yes	Yes
sera5	82	Serine repeat antigen, upregulated prior to merozoite formation	No	Yes	Yes
maebl	83–85	Sporozoite adhesion	Yes	Maybe	Yes
trap	86–89	Thrombospondin-related anonymous protein, mediates invasion to salivary gland and hepatocytes	Yes	Yes	Yes
sgs1	90	Salivary gland surface protein	Yes	No	Yes
uis10	91	Encodes a secreted phospholipase	No	Yes	No
uis3	92	Liver stage development and maturation	No	Yes	No
uis4	93	Liver stage development and maturation	No	Yes	No
p36p	94,95	Hepatocyte invasion and liver stage maturation	No	Yes
spect	96	Sporozoite transmigration	No	Yes
spect2/plp1	97	Sporozoite transmigration	No	Yes
msp1	98	Merozoite surface protein 1	No	Yes	No

A list of 20 genes related to vertebrate host and vector invasion were obtained through literature searches. For each gene, its gene name, literature reference, function, and whether the gene product functions during the vector and/or host stage of the parasite’s life cycle are described. The final column lists whether the protein sequences from P. malariae and P. brasilianum accessions vary between the two species or not, or if there were not sufficient accessions to evaluate using multiple sequence alignment (blank).