TABLE 1.
Study population baseline characteristics.
| Total | Annual rate of height decrease† |
p-value†† | |||
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | |||
|
|
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| (N = 127,573) | (N = 102,554) | (N = 17,324) | (N = 7,695) | ||
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| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Sex | <0.0001 | ||||
| Male | 57,623 (45.2) | 48,053 (46.9) | 6,780 (39.1) | 2,790 (36.3) | |
| Female | 69,950 (54.8) | 54,501 (53.1) | 10,544 (60.9) | 4,905 (63.7) | |
| Age | <0.0001 | ||||
| 40–49 years | 17,826 (14.0) | 13,359 (13.0) | 2,835 (16.4) | 1,632 (21.2) | |
| 50–59 years | 55,529 (43.5) | 47,056 (45.9) | 6,121 (35.3) | 2,352 (30.6) | |
| 60–69 years | 34,497 (27.0) | 27,863 (27.2) | 4,725 (27.3) | 1,909 (24.8) | |
| 70–79 years | 17,434 (13.7) | 12,826 (12.5) | 3,129 (18.1) | 1,479 (19.2) | |
| 80–89 years | 2,264 (1.8) | 1,436 (1.4) | 507 (2.9) | 321 (4.2) | |
| ≥90 years | 23 (0.0) | 14 (0.0) | 7 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | |
| Income deciles | <0.0001 | ||||
| Decile 1 | 11,399 (8.9) | 8,870 (8.7) | 1,669 (9.6) | 860 (11.2) | |
| Decile 2 | 9,722 (7.6) | 7,619 (7.4) | 1,437 (8.3) | 666 (8.7) | |
| Decile 3 | 9,616 (7.5) | 7,609 (7.4) | 1,346 (7.8) | 661 (8.6) | |
| Decile 4 | 9,372 (7.4) | 7,375 (7.2) | 1,306 (7.5) | 691 (9.0) | |
| Decile 5 | 9,365 (7.3) | 7,488 (7.3) | 1,303 (7.5) | 574 (7.5) | |
| Decile 6 | 11,135 (8.7) | 8,950 (8.7) | 1,506 (8.7) | 679 (8.8) | |
| Decile 7 | 12,455 (9.8) | 9,980 (9.7) | 1,734 (10.0) | 741 (9.6) | |
| Decile 8 | 14,853 (11.6) | 12,006 (11.7) | 2,019 (11.7) | 828 (10.8) | |
| Decile 9 | 18,168 (14.2) | 14,803 (14.4) | 2,396 (13.8) | 969 (12.6) | |
| Decile 10 | 21,488 (16.8) | 17,854 (17.4) | 2,608 (15.1) | 1,026 (13.3) | |
| Hypertension | |||||
| Yes | 48,488 (38.0) | 38,632 (37.7) | 6,828 (39.4) | 3,028 (39.4) | <0.0001 |
| No | 79,085 (62.0) | 63,922 (62.3) | 10,496 (60.6) | 4,667 (60.7) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.0769 | ||||
| Yes | 29,468 (23.1) | 23,554 (23.0) | 4,101 (23.7) | 1,813 (23.6) | |
| No | 98,105 (76.9) | 79,000 (77.0) | 13,223 (76.3) | 5,882 (76.4) | |
| Dyslipidemia | <0.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 44,619 (35.0) | 36,179 (35.3) | 5,949 (34.3) | 2,491 (32.4) | |
| No | 82,954 (65.0) | 66,375 (64.7) | 11,375 (65.7) | 5,204 (67.6) | |
| Smoke | 0.0485 | ||||
| Yes | 20,004 (15.7) | 16,205 (15.8) | 2,617 (15.1) | 1,182 (15.4) | |
| No | 107,569 (84.3) | 86,349 (84.2) | 14,707 (84.9) | 6,513 (84.6) | |
| Drink | <0.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 47,178 (37.0) | 38,978 (38.0) | 5,776 (33.3) | 2,424 (31.5) | |
| No | 80,395 (63.0) | 63,576 (62.0) | 11,548 (66.7) | 5,271 (68.5) | |
| Baseline height (cm) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Mean | 161.27 | 161.47 | 160.44 | 160.43 | Group 1–Group 2s, |
| Standard deviation | 8.39 | 8.37 | 8.35 | 8.59 | Group 1–Group 3s |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.0144 | ||||
| Mean | 23.97 | 23.95 | 24.04 | 24.01 | Group 1–Group 2s |
| Standard deviation | 2.98 | 2.95 | 3.09 | 3.19 | |
†Annual rate of height decrease: Group 1 (<0.3 cm), Group 2 (0.3 to <0.6 cm), and Group 3 (≥0.6 cm).
††Chi-square test and the Kruskal–Wallis test.
If there were missing values in sex, age, and income deciles, we imputed them using the closest ones from 2012. We regarded it as a Yes if there was at least one disease.
In case of smoke, drink, and body mass index, the values in 2012 were the criteria. If there were missing values in those variables, we imputed them by the values in 2011.
sSignificant by post hoc test.