Table 2.

Dysfunctional placentation endotype.

Classification and Epidemiology
Conditions	• Preeclampsia • Fetal growth restriction
Physiopathology	Reduced trophoblast invasion with feto-placental underperfusion
Placental hallmarks	Vascular underperfusion lesions
Timing of trigger	Chronic
Delivery	Mostly medically indicated
Gestational Age (mean)a	>28 weeks, increasing frequency with advancing GA
Birth weight percentile	Low
Endothelial dysfunction and Clinical Implications
Endothelial features	Malperfusion, oxidative stress, imbalance of angiogenic and vasomotor factors leading to fetal developmental reprogramming with long-term outcomes
Endothelial biomarkers	• H2O2, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl groups, glutathione peroxidase • sFlt-1, sEng, VEGF, PlGF, IGF-1 • ADMA, Nitrate, Nitrite, CO, H2S, ET-1
Alarming cardiovascular implications	Myocardial remodeling and hypertrophy, transient systemic hypotension, persistent pulmonary hypertension, vascular stiffness
Endothelium-associated complications	BPD-associated pulmonary hypertension, ROP, metabolic syndrome in adulthood

GA, gestational age; H₂O₂, hydrogen peroxide; sFlt-1, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1; sEng, soluble endoglin; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PlGF, placental growth factor; IGF-1, ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; CO, carbon monoxide; H₂S, hydrogen sulfide; ET-1, endothelin-1; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity.

^a Considering cohorts of very preterm infants (8, 9).