Table 2.

Association of high levels of neighbourhood disorder during adolescence with psychiatric disorders at age 18

Model	Any psychiatric disorder				Externalising disorder				Internalising disorder				Thought disorder
	N	OR	95% CI	p	N	OR	95% CI	p	N	OR	95% CI	p	N	OR	95% CI	p
Unadj	1980	1.59	1.30–1.95	< 0.001*	1984	1.42	1.14–1.76	0.002*	1979	1.32	1.06–1.64	0.014*	1991	1.92	1.10–3.33	0.021*
Adj	1905	1.28	1.02–1.60	0.031*	1909	1.04	0.81–1.33	0.779	1903	1.20	0.95–1.53	0.133	1917	1.86	0.98–3.53	0.059

CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Unadj., unadjusted associations of violence exposure and age-18 mental health; Adj., associations adjusted simultaneously for biological sex, family socio-economic status, family history of psychopathology, and childhood emotional and behavioural problems (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, symptoms of depression and anxiety, self-harm and suicide attempts, and psychotic symptoms)

*p values marked by an asterisk remained significant after correction for false discovery rate (FDR) using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure. All models account for the non-independence of twin observations. The sample sizes vary slightly according to the mental health outcome and due to small numbers of participants missing some data on covariates