Table 4.

Association between potential protective factors and any psychiatric disorder at age 18 among adolescents exposed to (i) personal severe physical violence only and (ii) both personal severe physical violence and high neighbourhood disorder

Potential protective factors	Personal severe physical violence only			Both personal severe physical violence and high neighbourhood disorder
	Adjusted ORa	95% CI	p	Adjusted ORa	95% CI	p
Maternal warmth during childhood
Low	[Reference]			[Reference]
High	0.65	0.31–1.35	0.248	0.79	0.39–1.61	0.522
Sibling warmth during childhood	0.97	0.88–1.07	0.571	0.97	0.86–1.09	0.578
Perceived social support at age 18	0.91	0.85–0.98	0.017*	0.95	0.87–1.03	0.211
Family support subscale at age 18	0.76	0.62–0.94	0.010*	0.82	0.70–0.98	0.026
Friend support subscale at age 18	0.80	0.68–0.94	0.005*	0.97	0.83–1.14	0.749
IQ at age 12	0.99	0.96–1.01	0.172	1.01	0.98–1.03	0.668
Family SES at age 5
Low	[Reference]			[Reference]
Mid	2.21	0.97–5.04	0.059	0.90	0.43–1.90	0.785
High	0.86	0.39–1.90	0.709	1.12	0.37–3.40	0.846

CI, confidence interval; IQ, intelligence quotient; OR, odds ratio; SES, socio-economic status

^aAdjusted simultaneously for biological sex, family history of psychopathology, and childhood emotional and behavioural problems (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, symptoms of depression and anxiety, self-harm and suicide attempts, and psychotic symptoms).

*p values marked by an asterisk remained significant after correction for the false discovery rate (FDR) using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure. All models account for the non-independence of twin observations