Table 2.
The 41 PMs with some evidence of narrow-sense heritability h2 sorted by the strength of this evidence
| Measure | Description | Domain | Type | Model | Class | h2 | p | c2 or d2 | ICC(C,1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MICD | Width of mandible between the condyles | Mandible | Distance | ACE | I | 0.87 (0.51, 0.90) | 2.6 × 10–13 (3.8 × 10–11) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.36) | 0.98 (0.98, 0.99) |
| SNAP | Height of facial skeleton (using pogonion) | Skull | Distance | ACE | I | 0.79 (0.40, 0.88) | 9.5 × 10–7 (1.3 × 10–4) | 0.05 (0.00, 0.43) | 0.88 (0.86, 0.90) |
| SNAM | Height of facial skeleton (using menton) | Skull | Distance | ACE | I | 0.78 (0.40, 0.88) | 7.9 × 10–7 (1.1 × 10–4) | 0.06 (0.00, 0.43) | 0.90 (0.89, 0.92) |
| SSEG | Height of basicranium relative to mean condyle location | Skull | Distance | ACE | I | 0.77 (0.38, 0.83) | 5.2 × 10–6 (7.2 × 10–4) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.39) | 0.90 (0.88, 0.91) |
| MCGP | Angle of the mandible using the pogonion and the mean locations of the condyles and angles (gonion) | Mandible | Angle | ACE | I | 0.74 (0.38, 0.86) | 3.1 × 10–6 (4.3 × 10–4) | 0.07 (0.00, 0.44) | 0.87 (0.84, 0.88) |
| MIGD | Width of mandible between the angles (gonion) | Mandible | Distance | ACE | I | 0.69 (0.39, 0.91) | 8.4 × 10–9 (1.2 × 10–6) | 0.19 (0.00, 0.49) | 0.95 (0.94, 0.95) |
| MCGM | Angle of the mandible using the menton and the mean locations of the condyles and angles (gonion) | Mandible | Angle | ACE | I | 0.67 (0.43, 0.85) | 1.7 × 10–5 (0) | 0.14 (0.00, 0.48) | 0.89 (0.87, 0.90) |
| ASCG* | Angle between the line from the mean condyle location to sella and the line from the mean condyle location to the mean gonion location | Skull | Angle | ACE | I | 0.67 (0.41, 0.85) | 1.7 × 10–5 (0) | 0.14 (0.00, 0.48) | 0.87 (0.85, 0.89) |
| SBNA | Length of facial skeleton (using anterior nasal spine) | Skull | Distance | ACE | I | 0.67 (0.32, 0.87) | 5.8 × 10–6 (7.9 × 10–4) | 0.17 (0.00, 0.51) | 0.90 (0.88, 0.91) |
| SBAN | Length of anterior basicranium (using nasion) | Skull | Distance | ACE | I | 0.66 (0.36, 0.92) | 1.7 × 10–7 (2.4 × 10–5) | 0.22 (0.00, 0.52) | 0.89 (0.88, 0.91) |
| SHSW | Width of head | Skull | Distance | ACE | I | 0.63 (0.28, 0.86) | 3.2 × 10–5 (0) | 0.19 (0.00, 0.53) | 0.94 (0.93, 0.95) |
| SNNP | Length of anterior basicranium (using nasion and posterior nasal spine) | Skull | Distance | ACE | I | 0.62 (0.28, 0.95) | 2.2 × 10–5 (0) | 0.29 (0.00, 0.63) | 0.82 (0.80, 0.85) |
| SHBN | Length of head | Skull | Distance | ACE | I | 0.56 (0.31, 0.91) | 2 × 10–9 (2.9 × 10–7) | 0.34 (0.00, 0.58) | 0.96 (0.95, 0.96) |
| SSEN | Length of anterior basicranium (between sella and nasion) | Skull | Distance | ACE | I | 0.47 (0.19, 0.87) | 9.5 × 10–5 (0.01) | 0.40 (0.00, 0.67) | 0.90 (0.89, 0.92) |
| APNS | Angle between the line from nasion to pogonion and the line from nasion to sella | Skull | Angle | ACE | II | 0.73 (0.25, 0.81) | 7.2 × 10–4 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.48) | 0.83 (0.80, 0.85) |
| HBNP | Distance between posterior nasal spine and hyoidale | Hyoid | Distance | ACE | II | 0.57 (0.11, 0.78) | 0.01 (1) | 0.13 (0.00, 0.56) | 0.84 (0.81, 0.86) |
| HBC4 | Distance between C4 body and hyoidale | Hyoid | Distance | ACE | II | 0.52 (0.04, 0.72) | 0.03 (1) | 0.12 (0.00, 0.57) | 0.79 (0.76, 0.82) |
| HBPL | Length (anteroposterior distance) of hard palate (lower face) | Hard palate | Distance | ACE | II | 0.38 (0.12, 0.78) | 0 (0.27) | 0.45 (0.08, 0.71) | 0.91 (0.89, 0.92) |
| SVTh* | Length of the horizontal supralaryngeal vocal tract (using the prosthion and the atlas) | General | Distance | ACE | II | 0.26 (0.03, 0.62) | 0.03 (1) | 0.55 (0.20, 0.77) | 0.93 (0.91, 0.94) |
| CS2A | Height of C2 from its base to odontoid tip | Cervical | Distance | ACE | III | 0.88 (0.36, 1.00) | 7.1 × 10–4 (0.09) | 0.12 (0.00, 0.66) | 0.60 (0.55, 0.65) |
| MCGD | Height of ramus of mandible using mean location of condyles and angles (gonion) | Mandible | Distance | ACE | III | 0.80 (0.31, 0.91) | 7.4 × 10–4 (0.1) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.47) | 0.71 (0.67, 0.75) |
| ASNP | Angle between the line from nasion to sella and the line from nasion to prosthion | Skull | Angle | ACE | III | 0.73 (0.26, 0.91) | 6.7 × 10–4 (0.09) | 0.12 (0.00, 0.58) | 0.72 (0.68, 0.76) |
| SNOL | Distance from left infraorbital pit to bridge of nose | Skull | Distance | ACE | III | 0.69 (0.09, 1.00) | 0.02 (1) | 0.31 (0.00, 0.90) | 0.54 (0.48, 0.59) |
| AASN | Angle between the line from nasion to the anterior nasal spine and the line from nasion to sella | Skull | Angle | ACE | III | 0.66 (0.17, 0.92) | 0.01 (0.9) | 0.18 (0.00, 0.65) | 0.63 (0.58, 0.67) |
| MCGR | Height of right ramus of mandible | Mandible | Distance | ACE | III | 0.59 (0.05, 0.82) | 0.03 (1) | 0.12 (0.00, 0.61) | 0.68 (0.64, 0.72) |
| SBAS | Length of middle basicranium (using sella) | Skull | Distance | ADE | IV | 0.78 (0.00, 0.86) | 0.11 (1) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.84) | 0.79 (0.76, 0.82) |
| ANSF | Angle between the line from nasion to sella and the Frankfort horizontal plane | Skull | Angle | ADE | IV | 0.73 (0.00, 0.84) | 0.22 (1) | 0.05 (0.00, 0.83) | 0.79 (0.75, 0.81) |
| SBNP | Distance between basion and posterior nasal spine (using posterior nasal spine) | Skull | Distance | ADE | IV | 0.65 (0.00, 0.86) | 0.26 (1) | 0.16 (0.00, 0.85) | 0.80 (0.77, 0.83) |
| SSEN* | Height of posterior nasal cavity | Skull | Distance | ADE | IV | 0.46 (0.00, 0.83) | 0.39 (1) | 0.32 (0.00, 0.83) | 0.90 (0.88, 0.91) |
| L4EA | Height of larynx (using apex of epiglottis) relative to C4 | Larynx | Distance | ACE | IV | 0.43 (0.00, 0.69) | 0.1 (1) | 0.17 (0.00, 0.61) | 0.76 (0.72, 0.79) |
| HBPG | Distance between pogonion (chin) and hyoidale | Hyoid | Distance | ACE | IV | 0.37 (0.00, 0.68) | 0.15 (1) | 0.22 (0.00, 0.62) | 0.81 (0.78, 0.83) |
| ABSN | Angle between the line from sella to basion and the line from sella to nasion | Skull | Angle | ADE | IV | 0.36 (0.00, 0.84) | 0.5 (1) | 0.42 (0.00, 0.84) | 0.82 (0.79, 0.84) |
| HBC2 | Distance between C2 body and hyoidale | Hyoid | Distance | ACE | IV | 0.35 (0.00, 0.73) | 0.2 (1) | 0.29 (0.00, 0.67) | 0.78 (0.74, 0.81) |
| DIPD | Width of dental arch between the second premolars | Dentition | Distance | ADE | IV | 0.33 (0.00, 0.72) | 0.57 (1) | 0.32 (0.00, 0.73) | 0.80 (0.77, 0.82) |
| HNSL | Length (anteroposterior distance) of nasal cavity floor | Hard palate | Distance | ACE | IV | 0.31 (0.00, 0.78) | 0.08 (1) | 0.49 (0.02, 0.80) | 0.77 (0.74, 0.80) |
| ACSN | Angle between the line from sella to the mean location of the condyles and the line from sella to the nasion | Skull | Angle | ADE | IV | 0.30 (0.00, 0.84) | 0.57 (1) | 0.50 (0.00, 0.85) | 0.87 (0.85, 0.89) |
| DIMD | Width of dental arch between the second molars | Dentition | Distance | ACE | IV | 0.29 (0.00, 0.75) | 0.2 (1) | 0.40 (0.00, 0.72) | 0.77 (0.73, 0.80) |
| LAEA | Height of larynx (using apex of epiglottis) relative to C1 | Larynx | Distance | ACE | IV | 0.27 (0.00, 0.61) | 0.39 (1) | 0.23 (0.00, 0.58) | 0.77 (0.73, 0.80) |
| MCPD | Length of body of mandible using pogonion and mean location of condyles | Mandible | Distance | ADE | IV | 0.26 (0.00, 0.86) | 0.61 (1) | 0.57 (0.00, 0.87) | 0.92 (0.90, 0.93) |
| MPGR | Length of right side of body of mandible | Mandible | Distance | ADE | IV | 0.24 (0.00, 0.88) | 0.67 (1) | 0.60 (0.00, 0.89) | 0.84 (0.81, 0.86) |
| SVTv* | Length of the vertical supralaryngeal vocal tract (using the corniculate tubercle and the posterior nasal spine) | General | Distance | ACE | IV | 0.24 (0.00, 0.74) | 0.31 (1) | 0.43 (0.00, 0.73) | 0.80 (0.77, 0.83) |
First, the 14 PMs with the strongest evidence of large and statistically significant of heritability (class I) in bold italic, followed by the 5 PMs of class II in bold, the 6 PMs of class III in italic, and the 16 PMs of class IV in regular font (i.e., we drop here the convention of using italics for the PM names). Within each class, the PMs are ordered by the point estimate of h2. We also show the point estimate and 95% CIs (in parentheses) for h2 and c2 or d2, and the nominal p value (and the Holm-corrected p value) of h2. The precise meaning of c2 or d2 is disambiguated by the genetic model. Please see the main text for the meaning of the five classes of strength of evidence, Text S2 and Table S2 for the full description of the PMs, as well as Fig. 3 for a visual representation