Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the included studies
| Study ID | Author, year | Country | Study design | Data source | Sample size (%F) | Specific subgroup | Age range | Age (Mean ± SD) | Follow-up (years) | LAP determination | Statistical analysis | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bozorgmanesh, 2010 | Iran | Cross-sectional and prospective cohort | Tehran lipid and glucose study | 8671 (57.2) for cross-sectional and 3242 (57.8) for longitudinal | ≥ 20 | 42.9 ± 15(cross sectional), 41.6 ± 13.2(longitudinal) | 6 | Objectively | Linear and logistic regression | Baseline mean arterial pressure, family history of DM | |
| 2 | Bozorgmanesh, 2010 | Iran | Prospective cohort | Tehran lipid and glucose study | 6751(56.1) | ≥ 30 | NA | 8.6 | Objectively | General linear model, Cox's proportional hazards regression | Age, smoking, SBP, family history of premature CVD, DM, antihypertensive drug use, HDL and non-HDL-C, FPG, 2hPCPG, Tehran Lipid and Glucose (TLGS) intervention measures (whether a patient was or was not assigned to lifestyle intervention measures in the TLGS study) | |
| 3 | Gao, 2013 | Mongolia, china | Cross-sectional | Originally designed | 2589(58.9) | 20–84 | HTN = 52.03 ± 12.05, Non-HTN = 43.21 ± 11.46 | N/A | Objectively | Student’s t-tests, χ2-test, Logistic regression, Wilcoxon rank-sum test | Age, current cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, family history of HTN, FPG | |
| 4 | Ioachimescu, 2010 | USA | Retrospective cohort | preCIS database (Preventive Cardiology Information System) | 5924(39.2) | NA | 55 ± 13 | 5.3 | Objectively | Cox's proportional model | Age, sex, smoking status, history of DM, SBP, DBP, and fasting LDL-C and HDL-C | |
| 5 | Kavaric, 2018 | Serbia | Cross-sectional | Originally designed | 299(58.5) | NA | Control = 55.0, DM = 63.0 | N/A | Objectively | Mann–Whitney U test, Student’s t-tests, χ2-test, Spearman’s correlation analysis, Logistic regression | Age, LAP, hsCRP, ALT, GGT, uric acid, bilirubin, creatinine, eGFRMDRD, gender, smoking status, hypolipemics, and antihypertensive therapies | |
| 6 | Kim, 2018 | Korea | Prospective cohort | AnsungAnsan cohort database | 7643(52.9) | 40–69 | 51.7 ± 8.8 | 10 | Objectively | De Long’s test, Cox's proportional hazards regression | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, HTN, physical activity, energy intake | |
| 7 | Lee, 2018 | Korea | Prospective cohort | Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study | 7708(52.8) | 40–69 | 51.4 ± 8.6(M), 52.0 ± 8.9(F) | 10 | Objectively | χ2-test, Student’s t-tests, Multiple logistic regression | Age, BMI, HTN, family history of DM, current smoking and alcohol consumption status, and regular exercise | |
| 8 | Malavazos, 2015 | Italy | Cross-sectional | Originally designed | 381(77) | 18–70 | 41.3 ± 12.5 | N/A | Objectively | ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis test, Logistic regression | Age, smoking status | |
| 9 | Marcadenti, 2017 | Brazil | Cross-sectional | Originally designed | 430(66.3) | HTN | 18–80 | 58.3 ± 11.7 | N/A | Objectively | Student’s t-tests, Pearson's χ2-test, Shapiro-Wilks, Levene, C-statistics, Poisson regression | Gender, age, physical activity, smoking, and BMI |
| 10 | Namazi Shabestari, 2016 | Iran | Cross-sectional | Originally designed | 264(100) | Menopausal women | ≥ 40 | 53.98 ± 5.57 | N/A | Objectively | Student’s t-tests, Man-Whitney U test, Pearson's correlation, Kolomogrov-Smirnov test | Age |
| 11 | Song, 2018 | China | Cross-sectional | Originally designed | 1777(57.9) | NA | Non-HTN = 60.33 ± 11.38, HTN = 62.31 ± 10.64 | N/A | Objectively | Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Student’s t-tests, Kruskal–Wallis H, χ2-test, Multivariate logistic regression, Statistic of Z | Age, BMI, WHtR, smoking status, family history of HTN, educational level, marital status, and family income | |
| 12 | Wakabayashi, 2014 | Japan | Cross-sectional | Originally designed | 54,477 (34.5) | 35–70 | 48.5 ± 7.7 | N/A | Objectively | χ2-test, Student’s t-tests, ANOVA, Sheffe F test, Kruskal–Wallis H, Post-hoc test, Mann–Whitney U test, Steel–dwass, Jonckheere-terpstra, Pearson's correlation | History of smoking, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, and drug therapy for DM | |
| 13 | Wakabayashi, 2014 | Japan | Cross-sectional | Originally designed | 10,170(32.1) | 35–40 | 37.5 ± 1.8(F), 37.4 ± 1.7(M) | N/A | Objectively | Mann–Whitney U test, Student’s t-tests, χ2-test, Logistic regression | Age, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise | |
| 14 | Wang, B., 2018 | China | Prospective cohort | Originally designed | 11,113(61.6) | ≥ 18 | 50 ± 9 | 6 | Objectively | Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Cox's proportional hazards regression | Age, family history of DM, family history of HTN, education level, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, SBP | |
| 15 | Wang, H., 2018 | China | Cross-sectional | Originally designed | 11,258(54.0) | ≥ 35 | 54 | N/A | Objectively | Mann–Whitney U test, Student’s t-tests, χ2-test, Linear regression | Age, race, educational status, family income, salt intake, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity, FPG, eGFR, history of CVD, and any medication used | |
| 16 | Wehr, 2011 | Germany | Prospective cohort | LUdwigshafen RIsk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study | 875(100) | Post-menopausal women (who were scheduled for coronary angiography or presenting with coronary angiography) | NA | NA | 7.7 | Objectively | Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, ANOVA, χ2-test | Age, BMI, DM, arterial HTN, HDL, LDL, active smoking, CRP, and lipid-lowering medication |
| 17 | Rotter, 2017 | Poland | Cross-sectional | Originally designed | 313(0) | 50–75 | 61.3 ± 6.3 | N/A | Objectively | Shapiro–Wilk test, Mann–Whitney U test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, Logistic regression, Linear regression | Age, SHBG, HOMA-IR | |
| 18 | Bala, 2019 | Romania | Cross-sectional | Originally designed | 1730(53.4) | 18–80 | Non-HTN = 41.3 ± 16.2, HTN = 54.4 ± 16.0 | N/A | Objectively | Student’s t-tests, Mann–Whitney U test, χ2-test, Logistic regression | Age, gender, smoking, drinking, and sedentary lifestyle, eGFR, urinary sodium (spot), urinary albumin creatinine ratio | |
| 19 | Ngoc, 2019 | Thailand | Cross-sectional | National Health Examination Survey 2009 | 15,842(52.6) | ≥ 35 | 59.3 ± 13.2 | N/A | Objectively | Student’s t-tests, χ2-test, Man-Whitney U test, Linear regression | Age, living area, education background, cigarette smoking within 12 months and regular smoking, alcohol consumption, alcohol consumption level, and physical activity, log of FPG, HDL-C, and LDL-C level | |
| 20 | Kahn, 2012 | USA | Cohort | Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | 11,437(51.79) | 18–64 | 38.1 ± 0.3 | Up to 18.1 | Objectively | Cox's proportional model, χ2-test | Age, black ancestry, tobacco exposure, and socioeconomic position | |
| 21 | Brahimaj, 2019 | Netherlands | Prospective cohort | Rotterdam study | 9564(58.3) | ≥ 55 | 65.1 ± 10.3(F), 64.3 ± 9.5(M) | 6.5 | Objectively | χ2 test, Cox's proportional hazards models | Age, cohort, BMI, SBP, treatment for HTN, smoking and prevalent CVD, HDL-C, TG and serum lipid-reducing agents, FPG | |
| 22 | Shi, 2018 | China | Cross-sectional | Originally designed | 11,478(53.8) | ≥ 35 | NA | N/A | Objectively | Student’s t-tests, Mann–Whitney tests, χ2-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests | Age, race, education levels, income levels, and physical activity | |
| 23 | Sun, 2019 | China | Cross-sectional | Originally designed | 9496(71.65) | ≥ 40 | 55.9 ± 8.1 | N/A | Objectively | χ2-test, ANOVA, Linear regression, Pearson’s correlation | Age, sex, current smoking and drinking status, physical activity level, SBP, LDL-C, γ-GGT, eGFR, and antidiabetic treatment | |
| 24 | Wang, 2019 | China | Retrospective cohort | Originally designed | 687(41.92) | NA | 48.1 ± 6.2(1992), 63.1 ± 6.2(2007) | 15 | Objectively | Mann–Whitney U test, Student’s t-tests, χ2-test, Cox's proportional regression | Age, gender, cigarette consumption, alcohol intake, log10-SBP, log10-total cholesterol, and log10-TG | |
| 25 | Yan, 2019 | China | Retrospective cohort | Originally designed | 4508(45.9) | > 18 | 42 | 5 | Objectively | ANOVA | Baseline age, gender, race, current smoking, current alcohol drinking, and married status, baseline diagnosis of HTN, use of antihypertensive, total cholesterol, HDL, hemoglobin, creatinine, and uric acid, Baseline blood glucose, and family history of DM | |
| 26 | Huang, 2019 | China | Cross-sectional | Originally designed | 2079(51.8) | NA | 41.06 | N/A | Objectively | Kruskal–Wallis H, χ2-test, Multivariate logistic regression | Age, sex, marital status and educational level, physical activity, smoker, drinker, BMI, WHR, FPG, family history of HTN | |
| 27 | Tian Tian, 2020 | China | Cross-sectional | National Physical Examination Project | 215,651(55.86) | NA | 50.02 | N/A | Objectively | Pearson’s χ2, Student’s t-tests, Logistic regression | Age, gender, education, smoking, and alcohol consumption | |
| 28 | Xu, 2020 | China | Prospective cohort | Originally designed | 15,717(58.2) | > 35 | 52.70 ± 11.58 | 7.77 | Objectively | Cox’s proportional regression | Age, sex, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, family history of DM, family income, and education | |
| 29 | Wang, 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | Chinese National Stroke Prevention Project | 162,880(54.47) | ≥ 40 | 59.24 ± 11.04 | N/A | Objectively |
χ2 test, two-level logistic regression model, Student’s t-tests |
Age, physical exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, WC, LAP, VAI, and BAI |
2hPCPG, 2 h post-challenge plasma glucose; ALT, Alanine transaminase; BAI, Body adiposity index; BMI, Body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; DM, Diabetes mellitus; eGFR, Estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, Fasting plasma glucose; GGT, Gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL, High-density lipoproteins; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HTN, Hypertension; LAP, Lipid accumulation product; LDL, Low-density lipoproteins; LDL-C, LDL cholesterol; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; SHBG, Sex hormone binding globulin; TG, Triglyceride; VAI, Visceral adiposity index; WC, Waist circumference; WHR, Waist-hip ratio; WHtR, Waist-to-height ratio;