Table 3.
Reported outcomes and measures of the included studies
| Study ID | Study outcome | Outcome assessment | LAP | BMI | WC | WHR | WHtR | VAI | BAI | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DM prevalence | AROC |
M (20–49 years): 0.75 M(≥ 50 years): 0.81 F(20–49 years): 0.81 F(≥ 50 years): 0.72 |
M(20–49 years): 0.7 M(≥ 50 years): 0.76 F(20–49 years): 0.76 F(≥ 50 years): 0.65 |
M(20–49 years): 0.74 M(≥ 50 years): 0.78 F(20–49 years): 0.78 F(≥ 50 years): 0.68 |
M(20–49 years): 0.74 M(≥ 50 years): 0.79 F(20–49 years): 0.79 F(≥ 50 years): 0.68 |
||||
| DM incidence | AROC |
M(20–49 years): 0.66 M(≥ 50 years): 0.71 F(20–49 years): 0.78 F(≥ 50 years): 0.65 |
M(20–49 years): 0.66 M(≥ 50 years): 0.69 F(20–49 years): 0.76 F(≥ 50 years): 0.63 |
M(20–49 years): 0.67 M(≥ 50 years): 0.70 F(20–49 years): 0.77 F(≥ 50 years): 0.64 |
M(20–49 years): 0.66 M(≥ 50 years): 0.69 F(20–49 years): 0.79 F(≥ 50 years): 0.65 |
|||||
| DM prevalence | OR(95%CI) |
M(20–49 years): 1.4[1.2–1.6] M(≥ 50 years): 1.5[1.3–1.8] F(20–49 years): 2.1[1.8–2.5] F(≥ 50 years): 1.5[1.3–1.8] |
M(20–49 years): 1.3 [1.1–1.5] M(≥ 50 years): 1.6 [1.3–1.9] F(20–49 years): 1.6 [1.5–1.9] F(≥ 50 years): 1.3 [1.1–1.4] |
M(20–49 years): 1.7 [1.4–2.1] M(≥ 50 years): 1.6 [1.3–1.9] F(20–49 years): 1.8 [1.6–2.1] F(≥ 50 years): 1.1 [1.0–1.3] |
M(20–49 years): 1.5 [1.3–1.8] M(≥ 50 years): 1.6 [1.3–1.9] F(20–49 years): 1.9 [1.3–2.1] F(≥ 50 years): 1.3 [1.1–1.5] |
|||||
| DM incidence | OR(95%CI) |
M(20–49 years): 1.7[1.2–2.5] M(≥ 50 years): 1.7[1.1–2.6] F(20–49 years): 2.6[1.9–3.6] F(≥ 50 years): 2.1[1.3–3.3] |
M(20–49 years): 1.3 [0.9–1.8] M(≥ 50 years): 1.5 [1.0–2.2] F(20–49 years): 1.9 [1.5–2.4] F(≥ 50 years): 1.5 [1.1–2.1] |
M(20–49 years): 1.7 [1.0–2.7] M(≥ 50 years): 1.5 [0.9–2.4] F(20–49 years): 2.2 [1.7–2.9] F(≥ 50 years): 1.6 [1.1–2.3] |
M(20–49 years): 1.4 [1.0–2.1] M(≥ 50 years): 1.5 [1.0–2.3] F(20–49 years): 2.3 [1.8–3.0] F(≥ 50 years): 1.9 [1.3–2.8] |
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| 2 | All-cause mortality | HR(95% CI) |
M: 0.74 [0.61–0.90] F: 0.88 [0.60–1.30] |
|||||||
| 3 | Hypertension | OR(95%CI) |
M Q1: Ref Q2: 1.85 [1.23–2.79] Q3: 2.20 [1.47–3.28] Q4: 4.21 [2.78–6.38] F Q1: Ref Q2: 1.90 [1.28–2.81] Q3: 2.29 [1.56–3.36] Q4: 3.33 [2.26–4.89] |
F Q1: Ref Q2: 2.06 [1.40–3.03] Q3: 2.03 [1.39–2.96] Q4: 4.51 [3.10–6.55] |
F Q1: Ref Q2: NS Q3: 1.84 [1.28–2.65] Q4: 2.89 [2.03–4.13] |
|||||
| 4 | All-cause mortality | HR(95% CI) |
M: 1.38 [1.15–1.66] F: 1.61 [1.19–2.16] |
|||||||
| 5 | DM | AUC(95% CI) | 0.716 [0.657–0.776] | 0.667 [0.603–0.732] | 0.715 [0.653–0.777] | 0.707 [0.647–0.776] | ||||
| DM development | OR(95%CI) | 1.016 [1.010–1.021] | 1.140 [1.079–1.205] | 1.068 [1.046–1.091] | 1.292 [1.133–1.474] | |||||
| 6 | DM | AUC(95% CI) | 0.642 [0.625–0.658] | 0.622 [0.605–0.639] |
TyG index: 0.672 [0.656–0.687] |
|||||
| DM | HR(95% CI) | 1.87[1.64–2.14] | 1.75 [1.55–1.96] |
TyG index: 2.17 [1.92–2.45] |
||||||
| 7 | DM | AUC(95% CI) |
M: 0.602 [0.586–0.618] F: 0.623 [0.607–0.637] |
M: 0.579 [0.563–0.595] F: 0.576 [0.561–0.592] |
TyG index M: 0.623 [0.607–0.638] F: 0.644 [0.629–0.659] |
|||||
| DM incidence | OR(95%CI) |
M Q1: ref Q2: 1.04 [0.79–1.36] Q3: 1.70 [1.28–2.25] Q4: 2.47 [1.82–3.34] F Q1: ref Q2: 1.26 [0.97–1.64] Q3: 1.35 [1.03–1.78] Q4: 2.44 [1.82–3.26] |
M Q1: ref Q2: 1.07 [0.81–1.40] Q3: 1.35 [1.00–1.83] Q4: 1.64 [1.13–2.38] F Q1: ref Q2: 1.14 [0.88–1.48] Q3: 1.27 [0.95–1.69] Q4: 1.17 [0.83–1.65] |
TyG index: M Q1: ref Q2: 1.26 [0.97–1.64] Q3: 1.82 [1.41–2.36] Q4: 2.79 [2.16–3.60] F Q1: ref Q2: 1.19 [0.91–1.55] Q3: 1.97 [1.53–2.53] Q4: 2.85 [2.22–3.66] |
||||||
| 8 | DM | AUC(95% CI) | 0.77 [0.72–0.81] | 0.66 [0.61–0.71] | ||||||
| DM identifying abnormalities | OR(95%CI) | 3.17 [1.75–5.77] | 1.33 [0.83–2.15] | |||||||
| 9 | DM | Poisson regression (95% CI) |
M Q1: 1.07 [0.47–2.41] Q2: 0.69 [0.33–1.42] Q3: 1.42 [0.85–2.37] Q4: 1 F Q1: 0.34 [0.19–0.62] Q2: 0.53 [0.34–0.82] Q3: 0.55 [0.35–0.85] Q4: 1 |
M(< P75): 1 M(> P75): 1.61 [1.04–2.49] F(< P75): 1 F(> P75): 0.89 [0.62–1.30] |
NC: M Q1: 1 Q2: 1.07 [0.55–2.07] Q3: 1.23 [0.62–2.44] Q4: 1.44 [0.69–3.03] F Q1: 1 Q2: 1.51 [0.82–2.79] Q3: 1.67 [0.90–3.11] Q4: 3.30 [1.78–6.14] |
|||||
| 10 | Hypertension | OR(95%CI) | 2.07 [1.24–3.47] | |||||||
| 11 | Hypertension risk | AUC(95% CI) |
M: 0.66 [0.62–0.69] F: 0.70 [0.67–0.73] |
M: 0.61 [0.57–0.64] F: 0.63 [0.60–0.66] |
M: 0.67 [0.63–0.70] F: 0.66 [0.63–0.69] |
|||||
| Hypertension risk | OR(95%CI) |
Q1: ref Q2: 1.91 [1.26–2.90] Q3: 2.32 [1.44–3.74] Q4: 3.31 [1.76–6.25] |
||||||||
| 12 | DM prevalence | OR(95%CI) |
M(35–39 years): 6.36 [4.11–9.82] M(40–49 years): 3.43 [2.84–4.15] M(50–59 years): 2.05 [1.81–2.34] M(60–70 years): 1.53 [1.28–1.82] F(35–39 years): 7.00 [4.44–11.04] F(40–49 years): 5.33 [4.42–6.42] F(50–59 years): 2.99 [2.63–3.40] F(60–70 years): 1.89 [1.47–2.41] |
|||||||
| 13 | DM prevalence | OR(95%CI) |
M: 7.40 [5.10–10.75] F: 19.09 [6.57–55.50] |
|||||||
| Hypertension | OR(95%CI) |
M: 7.31 [6.20–8.62] F: 10.66 [7.77–14.63] |
||||||||
| 14 | DM | AUC(95% CI) |
M: 0.653 [0.638–0.667] F: 0.693 [0.682–0.704] |
M: 0.654 [0.640–0.669] F: 0.669 [0.657–0.680] |
M: 0.622 [0.607–0.636] F: 0.654 [0.642–0.665] |
TyG index: M: 0.625 [0.610–0.639] F: 0.669 [0.657–0.680] |
||||
| DM | HR(95% CIs) |
M Q1: 1 Q2: 1.59 [0.84–3.01] Q3: 2.12 [1.15–3.91] Q4: 5.02 [2.85–8.85] F Q1: 1 Q2: 2.42 [1.23–4.74] Q3: 3.65 [1.92–6.92] Q4: 6.49 [3.48–12.12] |
M Q1: 1 Q2: 1.06 [0.58–1.94] Q3: 1.49 [0.82–2.69] Q4: 4.25 [2.51–7.21] F Q1: 1 Q2: 1.74 [0.96–3.16] Q3: 1.97 [1.09–3.56] Q4: 4.07 [2.36–7.03] |
M Q1: 1 Q2: 1.65 [0.94–2.89] Q3: 1.49 [0.84–2.64] Q4: 2.89 [1.72–4.87] F Q1: 1 Q2: 1.75 [0.99–3.10] Q3: 2.13 [1.22–3.74] Q4: 4.40 [2.61–7.42] |
TyG index: M Q1: 1 Q2: 1.59 [0.88–2.88] Q3: 2.22 [1.27–3.88] Q4: 3.54 [2.08–6.03] F Q1: 1 Q2: 2.50 [1.36–4.60] Q3: 3.12 [1.72–5.67] Q4: 6.15 [3.48–10.85] |
|||||
| 15 | Hypertension | AUC(95% CI) |
M: 0.627 [0.614–0.641] F: 0.678 [0.666–0.690] |
M: 0.620 [0.607–0.634] F: 0.637 [0.625–0.649] |
M: 0.638 [0.625–0.652] F: 0.655 [0.643–0.667] |
M: 0.564 [0.550–0.577] F: 0.621 [0.608–0.633] |
M: 0.639 [0.625–0.652] F: 0.654 [0.642–0.666] |
CMI: M: 0.574 [0.560–0.587] F: 0.635 [0.622–0.647] |
||
| Hypertension | OR(95%CI) |
M Q1: ref Q2: 1.643 [1.385–1.949] Q3: 2.302 [1.934–2.741] Q4: 3.892 [3.238–4.677] per SD: 1.651 [1.503–1.813] F Q1: ref Q2: 1.562 [1.325–1.841] Q3: 2.264 [1.919–2.670] Q4: 3.548 [2.985–4.217] per SD: 1.631 [1.501–1.771] |
M Q1: ref Q2: 1.673 [1.412–1.982] Q3: 2.420 [2.039–2.873] Q4: 3.288 [2.754–3.927] per SD: 1.528 [1.427–1.637] M Q1: ref Q2: 1.636 [1.390–1.926] Q3: 2.130[1.808–2.508] Q4: 3.004 [2.537–3.557] per SD: 1.555 [1.454–1.662] |
CMI: M Q1: ref Q2: 1.024 [0.864–1.214] Q3: 1.420 [1.197–1.685] Q4: 2.200 [1.838–2.635] per SD: 1.310 [1.204–1.425] F Q1: ref Q2: 1.279 [1.087–1.504] Q3: 1.641 [1.394–1.932] Q4: 2.318 [1.956–2.745] per SD: 1.356 [1.259–1.459] |
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| 16 | All-cause mortality | HR (95% CI) |
F T1: 1 T2: 1.23 [0.82–1.84] T3: 1.43 [0.91–2.25] per SD: 1.19 [0.86–1.64] |
|||||||
| DM | OR(95%CI) |
M T1: 1 T2: 1.39 [1.09–1.78] T3: 2.16 [1.66–2.81] F T1: 1 T2: 2.29 [1.50–3.50] T3: 5.03 [3.21–7.89] |
||||||||
| 17 | DM | OR(95%CI) | 1.012 [1.006–1.017] | |||||||
| Hypertension | OR(95%CI) | 1.014 [1.007–1.020] | ||||||||
| 18 | Hypertension | OR(95%CI) | 2.09 [1.60–2.73] | 1.94 [1.48–2.53] |
TyG index: 1.83 [1.39–2.41] |
|||||
| 19 | Hypertension | AUC(95% CI) |
M: 0.632 [0.620–0.645] F: 0.646 [0.634–0.658] total: 0.636 [0.627–0.645] M(35–49 years): 0.660 [0.631–0.689] M(50–64 years) 0.665 [0.644–0.687] M(≥ 65) 0.647 [0.628–0.667] F(35–49 years) 0.707 [0.681–0.733] F(50–64 years) 0.646 [0.625–0.666] F(≥ 65 years) 0.609 [0.589–0.629] total(35–49 years): 0.681 [0.661–0.701] total(50–64 years): 0.653 [0.638–0.668] total(≥ 65): 0.630 [0.616–0.644] |
M: 0.624 [0.611–0.637] F: 0.591 [0.579–0.604] total: 0.603 [0.594–0.612] M(35–49 years): 0.653 [0.622–0.683] M(50–64 years): 0.674 [0.652–0.695] M(≥ 65 years): 0.654 [0.635–0.674] F(35–49 years): 0.685 [0.657–0.712] F(50–64 years): 0.638 [0.617–0.658] F(≥ 65 years): 0.616 [0.597–0.636] total(35–49 years): 0.657 [0.636–0.678] total(50–64 years): 0.651 [0.636–0.666] total(≥ 65 years): 0.636 [0.622–0.650] |
M: 0.651 [0.638–0.664] F: 0.615 [0.603–0.628] total: 0.633 [0.624–0.641] M(35–49 years): 0.660 [0.630–0.689] M(50–64 years): 0.683 [0.662–0.704] M(≥ 65 years): 0.658 [0.638–0.677] F(35–49 years): 0.689 [0.662–0.717] F(50–64 years): 0.632 [0.612–0.653] F(≥ 65 years): 0.608 [0.588–0.628] total(35–49 years): 0.677 [0.656–0.697] total(50–64 years): 0.656 [0.642–0.671] total(≥ 65 years): 0.632 [0.618–0.645] |
M: 0.650 [0.637–0.662] F: 0.605 [0.593–0.618] total: 0.620 [0.611–0.629] M(35–49 years): 0.652 [0.622–0.681] M(50–64 years): 0.663 [0.641–0.684] M(≥ 65 years): 0.623 [0.604–0.643] F(35–49 years): 0.649 [0.620–0.677] F(50–64 years): 0.590 [0.569–0.612] F(≥ 65 years): 0.568 [0.547–0.588] total(35–49 years): 0.657 [0.637–0.677] total(50–64 years): 0.612 [0.597–0.627] total(≥ 65 years): 0.585 [0.570–0.599] |
M: 0.658 [0.646–0.671] F: 0.632 [0.620–0.644] total: 0.640 [0.631–0.649] M(35–49 years): 0.662 [0.633–0.692] M(50–64 years): 0.680 [0.659–0.701] M(≥ 65 years): 0.651 [0.631–0.670] F(35–49 years): 0.686 [0.659–0.714] F(50–64 years): 0.635 [0.614–0.656] F(≥ 65 years): 0.610 [0.590–0.630] total(35–49 years): 0.661 [0.640–0.681] total(50–64 years): 0.653 [0.638–0.667] total(≥ 65 years): 0.632 [0.618–0.645] |
M: 0.555 [0.542–0.569] F: 0.618 [0.606–0.630] total: 0.586 [0.577–0.595] M(35–49 years): 0.594 [0.564–0.625] M(50–64 years): 0.564 [0.542–0.587] M(≥ 65 years): 0.557 [0.537–0.578] F(35–49 years): 0.650 [0.622–0.677] F(50–64 years): 0.589 [0.568–0.610] F(≥ 65 years): 0.551 [0.531–0.572] total(35–49 years): 0.623 [0.602–0.644] total(50–64 years): 0.577 [0.562–0.593] total(≥ 65 years): 0.559 [0.545–0.574] |
M: 0.614 [0.601–0.627] F: 0.607 [0.595–0.620] total: 0.578 [0.569–0.587] M(35–49 years): 0.618 [0.587–0.648] M(50–64 years): 0.628 [0.606–0.650] M(≥ 65 years): 0.617 [0.597–0.637] F(35–49 years): 0.640 [0.610–0.670] F(50–64 years): 0.616 [0.595–0.637] F(≥ 65 years): 0.599 [0.579–0.619] total(35–49 years): 0.560 [0.538–0.582] total(50–64 years): 0.593 [0.578–0.609] total(≥ 65 years): 0.597 [0.583–0.611] |
CI: M: 0.649 [0.636–0.662] F: 0.614 [0.601–0.626] total: 0.630 [0.621–0.639] M(35–49 years): 0.637 [0.607–0.667] M(50–64 years): 0.646 [0.624–0.668] M(≥ 65 years): 0.617 [0.597–0.637] F(35–49 years): 0.624 [0.594–0.654] F(50–64 years): 0.588 [0.567–0.610] F(≥ 65 years): 0.556 [0.535–0.576] total(35–49 years): 0.634 [0.614–0.655] total(50–64 years): 0.614 [0.599–0.629] total(≥ 65 years): 0.584 [0.570–0.599] |
| Hypertension | OR(95%CI) |
Q1: 1 ref Q2: 1.804 [1.621–2.008] Q3: 2.704 [2.425–3.015] Q4: 4.251 [3.792–4.765] per SD: 1.602 [1.535–1.671] cutoff > 24.44: 2.461 [2.277–2.660] |
Q1: 1 ref Q2: 1.527 [1.375–1.697] Q3: 2.289 [2.060–2.544] Q4: 3.742 [3.355–4.174] per SD: 1.688 [1.623–1.756] cutoff > 81.58: 2.360 [2.191–2.542] |
Q1: 1 ref Q2: 1.616 [1.453–1.797] Q3: 2.343 [2.105–2.607] Q4: 3.525 [3.162–3.931] per SD: 1.629 [1.567–1.694] cutoff > 0.52: 2.170 [2.016–2.336] |
CI: Q1: 1 ref Q2: 1.251 [1.129–1.387] Q3: 1.705 [1.540–1.888] Q4: 2.140 [1.929–2.373] per SD: 1.343 [1.293–1.394] cutoff > 1.21: 1.693 [1.576–1.818] |
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| 20 | All-cause mortality | HR(95%CI) |
M per SD linear: 1.22 [0.95–1.55] M(at p25): 1.03 [0.72–1.49] M(at p75): 1.11 [0.66–1.85] F per SD linear: 1.27 [1.02–1.57] F(at p25): 1.26 [0.75–2.15] F(at p75): 1.48 [0.90–2.43] |
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| 21 | DM incidence | HR(95% CI) |
F: 1.08 [0.93- 1.26] M: 0.96 [0.81- 1.15] |
|||||||
| 22 | discriminate DM | AUC(95% CI) |
F: 0.717 [0.706–0.729] M: 0.683 [0.670–0.696] |
|||||||
| 23 | DM prevalence | AUC(95% CI) | 0.658 [0.645–0.671] | |||||||
| 24 | DM incidence | HR(95% CI) |
univariate per SD: 2.16 [1.65–2.84] Q1: 1 ref Q2: 1.11 [0.45–2.74] Q3: 1.71 [0.75–3.91] Q4: 4.98 [2.42–10.26] multivariate per SD: 2.06 [1.56–2.73] Q1: 1 ref Q2: 1.17 [0.47–2.89] Q3: 1.66 [0.72–3.83] Q4: 4.70 [2.20–9.952] |
|||||||
| 25 | DM incidence | RR(95% CI) |
T1: (< 12.7): ref T2: (12.7 ≤ ~ < 29.3): 1.03 (0.52–2.03) T3: (≥ 29.3):1.91 (0.97–3.74) |
|||||||
| 26 | Hypertension | AUC(95% CI) |
M: 0.677 [0.640–0.713] F: 0.721 [0.680–0.761] |
M: 0.707 [0.672–0.742] F: 0.698 [0.658–0.737] |
M: 0.734 [0.700–0.769] F: 0.725 [0.686–0.766] |
|||||
| Hypertension | OR(95% CI) |
M Q1: ref Q2: 1.61 [0.89–2.94] Q3: 1.75 [0.94–3.26] Q4: 2.79 [1.43–5.44] F Q1: ref Q2: 1.015 [0.51–2.03] Q3: 1.19 [0.60–2.38] Q4: 3.15 [1.56–6.39] |
||||||||
| 27 | DM prevalence | AUC(95% CI) |
total: 0.655 [0.652–0.658] M: 0.625 [0.621–0.630] F: 0.679 [0.674–0.684] |
total: 0.604 [0.600–0.607] M: 0.580 [0.576–0.586] F: 0.618 [0.614–0.623] |
||||||
| DM prevalence | COR(95%CI) |
Q1: ref Q2: 1.28 [1.22–1.34] Q3: 1.86 [1.78–1.95] Q4: 4.67 [4.49–4.86] |
||||||||
| DM prevalence | AOR(95%CI) |
Q1: ref Q2: 0.97 [0.92–1.02] Q3: 1.28 [1.23–1.34] Q4: 3.24 [3.11–3.37] |
||||||||
| 28 | DM incidence | HR(95% CI) |
total Q1: ref Q2: 1.169 [0.857–1.595] Q3: 2.903 [2.226–3.784] Q4: 6.298 [4.911–8.077] M Q1: ref Q2: 1.123 [0.719–1.752] Q3: 1.839 [1.230–2.748] Q4: 4.773 [3.324–6.854] F Q1: ref Q2: 1.633 [1.073–2.485] Q3: 4.150 [2.865–6.013] Q4: 8.063 [5.645–11.516] |
|||||||
| 29 | Hypertension | OR(95%CI) |
Total: 1.289 [1.275–1.303] M: 1.316 [1.294–1.338] F: 1.294 [1.266–1.313] |
Total: 1.539 [1.514–1.566] M: 1.439 [1.413–1.465] F: 1.510 [1.479–1.543] |
Total: 1.389 [1.372–1.406] M: 1.733 [1.685–1.782] F: 1.435 [1.413–1.459] |
Total: 1.146 [1.133–1.159 M: 1.141 [1.120–1.162] F: 1.131 [1.115–1.147] |
Total: 1.317 [1.301–1.333] M: 1.297 [1.271–1.323] F: 1.343 [1.322–1.365] |
|||
| AUC(95%CI) |
Total: 0.679 [0.675–0.683] M: 0.670 [0.666–0.674] F: 0.688 [0.684–0.691] |
Total: 0.695 [0.690–0.699] M: 0.679 [0.675–0.683] F: 0.709 [0.706–0.713] |
Total: 0.696 [0.693–0.700] M: 0.693 [0.689–0.696] F: 0.698 [0.695–0.702] |
Total: 0.654 [0.650–0.658] M: 0.645 [0.641–0.649] F: 0.662 [0.659–0.666] |
Total: 0.675 [0.672–0.679] M: 0.661 [0.658–0.665] F: 0.689 [0.679–0.693] |
95%CI, 95% confidence interval; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; AUC, area under receiver operating characteristic curve; BAI, body adipose index; BMI, body mass index; CI, conicity index; CMI, cardiometabolic index; COR, crude odds ratio; DM, diabetes mellitus; F, female; HR, hazard ratios; LAP, lipid accumulation product; M, male; NC, neck circumference; OR, odds ratio; Q, quartile; T, tertile; TyG, triglyceride-glucose; VAI, visceral adiposity index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio;