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. 2022 Nov 4;13:919636. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.919636

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Copyright © 2022 Gu, Pan, Wang and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Simplified mechanism of immunosuppression induced by surgery damage. Tissue injury caused by surgery stimulates the afferent neuron (AE). The cerebrum accepts the stimulation, processes the information, and sends them to a special function unit. The locus coeruleus–noradrenergic system (LC/NE system) rapidly transmits the instruction to the immune organs and adrenal medulla through the efferent neuron (EN) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Affected by the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary secretes the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to promote the release of cortisol. Both of these contribute to the inhibition of the immune system.