FIGURE 5.

Ultracentrifugation-based small EVs separation. As illustrated, differential centrifugation and density-based centrifugation both acquire a few sample pre-processing steps in order to remove cells, dead cells, and cell debris from the initial blood sample and facilitate the separation of small EVs more accurately. Upon the removal of blood cells and cell debris, samples need to be centrifuged at high forces (✕100000–200000 g) twice for differential centrifugation. In contrast, density-based ultracentrifugation requires only one round of centrifugation at a similar high force (✕100000–200000 g) to that of differential ultracentrifugation.