(A) Summary of running wheel activity in day and night of LD and SSW group of mice. (B–C) Diurnal profile of relative abundance of major phyla (B) and family. (D-E) Heatmap illustrating the relative (D) and absolute (E) abundance of 473 zOTUs (mean relative abundance >0.1%; prevalence >10%). Data are ordered based on the zOTUs phase in the controls and normalized based in the peak of each zOTU. Significance and amplitude (based on JTK_CYCLE) of all zOTUs (bottom) and phase (based on cosine regression) distribution (top) in both light condition, dashed line represent JTK_CYCLE adj. p. value = 0.05. (F) Diurnal profile of example zOTUs. (G) Taxonomic tree of zOTUs losing rhythmicity in SSW mice based on relative analyses. Taxonomic ranks were indicated as phylum (outer dashed ring), then family (inner circle) and genera (middle names), each zOTU represented by individual branches. (H) Microbial composition analysis on the phyla and family level of the fecal microbiota in Lübeck and Munich. LDA score of MetaCyc Pathways characterizing the differences LD and SSW. Significant rhythms according to cosine-wave regression analysis (p-value ≤ 0.05) are visualized with a solid line, while data connected by dashed line indicate arrhythmicity. Significant phase shifts (p ≤ 0.05) are indicated with the number of hours of phase shift. Two-way ANOVA was used to assess the change in activity. n = 4–5 mice/time point/genotype. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. Significance ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗p ≤ 0.01, ∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p ≤ 0.0001