Figure 4.

Simulated shift work induces circadian desynchrony between GI clocks (A) Representative actogram of a control mouse in 12-hour light/12-hour dark (LD) and under simulated shift work (SSW) condition. Tick marks represent running wheel activity. Yellow and grey shadings represent light and darkness respectively. Red arrows indicate fecal sample collection time points. (B) Diurnal total wheel-running activity profiles (top) and 24-h summary (bottom). (C) Normalized body weight gain of mice in SSW and LD condition. Total daily food intake (D), gut permeability (E) and energy assimilation (F). (I–J) Relative expression of core and accessory clock genes in GI tract (I) and liver (J) of WT mice in SSW (red) and their LD controls (black). N = 4–5 mice/time point/light condition. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. Mann Whitney U test was used to assess food intake and energy assimilation differences. Two-way ANOVA was used to assess the change in body weight and gene expression. Significance ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗p ≤ 0.01, ∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p ≤ 0.0001.