Table 4.
Multiple logistic regression results changes in physical activity during COVID-19 social distancing among people with different physical activity at baseline (OR).
| Characteristics | Model 1 Physical inactivity in 2018 | Model 2 Irregular physical activity in 2018 | Model 3 Regular physical activity in 2018 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Regions | ||||||
| East (ref.) | — | — | — | |||
| Northeast | 0.88 (0.67, 1.16) | 0.374 | 1.35 (1.01, 1.81) | 0.040 | 1.24 (0.98, 1.56) | 0.074 |
| Central | 1.37 (1.11, 1.69) | 0.003 | 0.94 (0.74, 1.20) | 0.643 | 0.83 (0.67, 1.02) | 0.074 |
| West | 1.44 (1.16, 1.78) | 0.001 | 1.03 (0.80, 1.33) | 0.810 | 1.13 (0.90, 1.40) | 0.287 |
| Urban/rural | ||||||
| Urban (ref.) | — | — | — | |||
| Rural | 0.53 (0.45, 0.62) | <0.001 | 1.65 (1.34, 2.03) | <0.001 | 2.16 (1.79, 2.60) | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male (ref.) | — | — | — | |||
| Female | 1.16 (0.98, 1.37) | 0.085 | 1.05 (0.86, 1.28) | 0.626 | 0.87 (0.74, 1.03) | 0.114 |
| Age | ||||||
| Middle age (45–59) (ref.) | — | — | — | |||
| Early elderly adult (60–74) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.31) | 0.322 | 1.04 (0.84, 1.29) | 0.716 | 0.99 (0.83, 1.19) | 0.917 |
| Late elderly adult (75-) | 0.82 (0.56, 1.22) | 0.329 | 1.12 (0.69, 1.82) | 0.659 | 1.38 (1.00, 1.90) | 0.052 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| With spouse (ref.) | — | — | — | |||
| No spouse | 1.30 (1.02, 1.67) | 0.035 | 1.10 (0.79, 1.52) | 0.564 | 0.87 (0.68, 1.12) | 0.292 |
| Work status | ||||||
| Not working (ref.) | — | — | — | |||
| Working | 0.57 (0.46, 0.69) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.07, 1.71) | 0.013 | 1.60 (1.33, 1.94) | <0.001 |
| Education level | ||||||
| Primary (ref.) | — | — | — | |||
| Secondary | 1.68 (1.42, 2.00) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.43, 0.66) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.48, 0.69) | <0.001 |
| Higher education | 3.55 (1.57, 7.99) | 0.002 | 0.24 (0.14, 0.39) | <0.001 | 0.46 (0.27, 0.78) | 0.004 |
| Self-assessed income level | ||||||
| Low Income (ref.) | — | — | — | |||
| Low-middle income | 1.47 (1.06, 2.03) | 0.020 | 1.31 (0.89, 1.93) | 0.175 | 0.74 (0.53, 1.03) | 0.072 |
| Middle income | 1.37 (1.02, 1.84) | 0.036 | 1.21 (0.84, 1.74) | 0.308 | 0.67 (0.50, 0.90) | 0.008 |
| Upper-middle income | 1.48 (1.05, 2.08) | 0.026 | 1.29 (0.86, 1.95) | 0.220 | 0.61 (0.44, 0.86) | 0.004 |
| High income | 1.39 (0.98, 1.97) | 0.068 | 1.74 (1.12, 2.71) | 0.014 | 0.72 (0.50, 1.03) | 0.069 |
| Chronic disease | ||||||
| With chronic disease (ref.) | — | — | — | |||
| Without chronic disease | 1.17 (0.96, 1.44) | 0.122 | 0.69 (0.54, 0.87) | 0.002 | 0.87 (0.71, 1.05) | 0.145 |
| Self-assessed health status | ||||||
| Excellent (ref.) | — | — | — | |||
| Very good | 0.77 (0.55, 1.08) | 0.072 | 0.85 (0.58, 1.24) | 0.397 | 1.02 (0.73, 1.44) | 0.890 |
| Good | 0.95 (0.73, 1.23) | 0.184 | 0.77 (0.57, 1.05) | 0.100 | 0.82 (0.62, 1.09) | 0.170 |
| Fair | 0.81 (0.59, 1.11) | 0.685 | 0.98 (0.67, 1.43) | 0.902 | 1.04 (0.74, 1.45) | 0.830 |
| Poor | 0.76 (0.56, 1.03) | 0.132 | 1.25 (0.85, 1.84) | 0.249 | 1.28 (0.92, 1.78) | 0.146 |
Model 1 demonstrated whether individuals who were physical inactivity in 2018, and increased their physical activity during the social distancing (χ2 = 189, P < 0.001, Pseudo R2 = 0.0511, Degree of freedom = 4, 446); Model 2 demonstrated whether individuals engaged in irregular physical activity in 2018 but subsequently became physical inactivity (χ2 = 151, P < 0.001, Pseudo R2 = 0.0483, Degree of freedom = 1, 761); Model 3 demonstrated whether individuals engaged in regular physical activity in 2018 but decreased physical activity in 2020 (χ2 = 264, P < 0.001, Pseudo R2 = 0.0745, Degree of freedom = 3, 425).