Table 2.

Level of Hardiness, Parent-Child Interactions, Social Support, and Parenting Stress among North Korean Refugee Mothers (N=123)

Variables	M±SD	Range	M±SD (scale)
Total hardiness	69.42±6.40	53-90	1.54±0.14
Commitment	24.45±4.14	16-48	1.63±0.28
Control	23.63±3.69	12-34	1.58±0.25
Challenge	21.34±3.11	14-28	1.42±0.21
Parent-child interactions	48.45±25.80	4-127	2.02±1.08
Positive discipline	32.16±17.94	4-80	2.29±1.28
Affective behavior	16.28±10.53	0-55	1.63±1.05
Social support	47.32±8.94	20-82	2.96±0.56
Parenting stress	51.84±6.38	33-68	2.88±0.35
Parental distress	27.91±3.70	15-39	3.10±0.41
Child-related stress	23.93±4.27	12-33	2.66±0.47

M, mean; SD, standard deviation.