Table 1.
Travel-associated chikungunya in the literature
| Years of occurrence | Number of traveler cases | Travelers’ country of residence | Countries or regions where exposure occurred | Comments | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997–2010 | 40 | GeoSentinel sites worldwide | Indian Ocean Islands | Most cases correlate with a regional outbreak of chikungunya in 2005–2006 | Savini et al. [34] |
| 1998–2018 | 744 | Primarily Europe | Various | 20-year analysis of EuroTravNet surveillance data; 608 of the 744 cases (82%) were reported from 2013 to 2018 | Grobusch et al. [35] |
| 2001–2017 | 113 | New Zealand | Primarily Pacific Islands and Southeast Asia | Cases coincided with rainy seasons in destination countries | Ammar et al. [36] |
| 2005–2006 | 12 | USA | India, eastern Africa, Réunion Island | CDC’s first published report on chikungunya acquired by US travelers | CDC [37] |
| 2006 | 26 | USA | India, Sri Lanka | 86% of cases in 2005–2006 involved travel in India | CDC [38] |
| 2003–2015 | 75 | France | Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia | Chikungunya cases increased and malaria and influenza-like illness decreased in the 12-year period studied | Griffiths et al. [39] |
| 2006–2016 | 89 | Japan | Asia (Indonesia, Philippines, India), Pacific and Caribbean islands, Latin America | Authors noted the “huge 2-way human traffic between Japan and chikungunya fever-endemic regions” | Nakayama et al. [40] |
| 2007–2019 | 198 | Taiwan | Primarily Myanmar; travel alerts also issued for Thailand, India, Maldives | > 40% of reported imported cases occurred in 1 year (2019) | Chou et al. [41] |
| 2009–2018 | 280 | Spain | Sub-Saharan Africa, Central America and Caribbean, South America, South Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Australasia, Europe | More than half of cases (160 of 280) were reported in people returning to Spain after visiting friends and relatives in their country of birth | Norman et al. [42] |
| 2013–2017 | > 4000 | USA | Worldwide | 12 locally acquired cases were also identified in the USA |
Adams et al. [43•] Lindsey et al. [44••] Staples et al. [45••] |
| 2013–2016 | 15 | Europe | Brazil | Part of a risk analysis done prior to the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro | Gautret et al. [46] |
| 2019 | 5 of 11 relatives traveling together | Finland | Thailand | 1 child in ICU, 3 adults hospitalized, 3 with persistent arthralgia | Kantele [47] |
| 2019 | 9 | Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Romania, Israel, France | Thailand | Time spent abroad ranged from 10 to 35 days, 4 patients hospitalized | Javelle et al. [48] |
| 2019 | 18 | France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Laos, Spain, USA | Myanmar | 14 patients experienced arthralgia | Diaz-Menéndez et al. [49] |
| 2019–2020 | 8 | Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Italy | Maldives | Mean duration of stay was 11 days; 2 patients hospitalized | Dudouet et al. [50] |