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. 2022 Nov 17;47(1):109–122. doi: 10.1007/s10608-022-10334-9

Table 1.

Demographic and psychopathological characteristics at baseline

WLC
(n = 85)
HRT
(n = 81)
DC
(n = 84)
DC-is
(n = 84)
Statistics
Demographic and background variables
 Age in years 34.38 (10.20) 32.93 (9.80) 33.02 (11.27) 32.48 (10.86) F(3, 330) = 0.51, p = 0.676, ηp2 = 0.005
 Gender (female/male/diverse) 70/15/0 65/15/1 71/13/0 67/17/0 χ2(6) =  3.82, p = 0.701
 Prior psychotherapeutic treatments 1.27 (1.71) 0.80 (1.42) 1.37 (4.63) 0.84 (1.19) F(3, 320) = 0.99, p = 0.298, ηp2 = 0.009
Medication
 Antidepressants 14.1% 4.9% 10.7% 9.5% χ2(3) = 4.01, p = 0.260
 Antipsychotics 2.4% 2.5% 0% 0% χ2(3) = 4.10, p = 0.251
 Antiepileptics 0% 0% 0% 2.4% χ2(3) = 5.99, p = 0.112
 Other psychotropic substances 3.5% 1.2% 2.4% 1.2% χ2(3) = 1.51, p = 0.679
 No psychotropic substances 82.4% 93.8% 86.9% 89.3% χ2(3) = 5.41, p = 0.144
Generic BFRB Scale-9 (GBS-9)
 Total score 16.01 (5.25) 15.70 (5.91) 16.06 (4.98) 14.70 (5.16) F(3, 330) = 1.19, p = 0.313, ηp2 = 0.011
 Severity 9.64 (2.61) 9.59 (3.14) 9.45 (2.65) 9.23 (2.72) F(3, 330) = 0.36, p = 0.782, ηp2 = 0.003
 Impairment 6.36 (3.21) 6.11 (3.46) 6.62 (3.17) 5.47 (3.06) F(3, 330) = 1.98, p = 0.116, ηp2 = 0.018
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) 8.16 (4.71) 8.11 (4.60) 9.11 (4.88) 8.02 (5.25) F(3, 330) = 0.91, p = 0.437, ηp2 = 0.008
Quality of life global item (WHOQOL-BREF) 3.52 (0.87) 3.78 (0.84) 3.37 (0.76) 3.52 (0.92) F(3, 330) = 3.28, p = 0.021, ηp2 = 0.029 [HRT > WLC: p = 0.049, d = 0.30; HRT > DC: p = 0.002, d = 0.51; HRT > DC-is: p = 0.056, d = 0.29]
Lifetime prevalence BFRBs
 Skin picking 54.1% 56.8% 59.5% 66.7% χ2(3) = 3.05, p = 0.384
 Nail biting 58.8% 58% 52.4% 67.9% χ2(3) = 4.28, p = 0.233
 Trichotillomania 42.4% 37% 42.9% 38.1% χ2(3) = 0.90, p = 0.825
 Lip-cheek biting 37.6% 39.5% 40.5% 36.9% χ2(3) = 0.29, p = 0.962
 Other 11.8% 13.6% 8.3% 7.1% χ2(3) = 2.42, p = 0.490
Current presence of BFRBs
 Skin picking 47.1% 53.1% 52.4% 58.3% χ2(3) = 2.16, p = 0.539
 Nail biting 41.2% 35.8% 35.7% 44% χ2(3) = 1.79, p = 0.618
 Trichotillomania 37.6% 35.8% 35.7% 33.3% χ2(3) = 0.34, p = 0.951
 Lip-cheek biting 23.5% 25.9% 28.6% 31% χ2(3) = 1.32, p = 0.724
 Other 9.4% 11.1% 6% 6% χ2(3) = 2.23, p = 0.526
Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders
 No psychiatric disorder 45.9% 53.1% 48.8% 58.3% χ2(3) = 2.97, p = 0.396
 Depression 34.1% 23.5% 33.3% 25% χ2(3) = 3.70, p = 0.295
 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 18.8% 8.6% 14.3% 8.3% χ2(3) = 5.76, p = 0.124
 Anxiety disorder 14.1% 12.3% 14.3% 10.7% χ2(3) = 0.64, p = 0.888
 Posttraumatic stress disorder 4.7% 6.2% 4.8% 2.4% χ2(3) = 1.43, p = 0.699
 Substance or alcohol abuse 2.4% 0% 3.6% 2.4% χ2(3) = 2.69, p = 0.443
 Other 20% 13.6% 10.7% 16.7% χ2(3) = 3.12, p = 0.373

DC decoupling, DC-is decoupling in sensu, HRT habit reversal training, PHQ-9 patient health questionnaire-9 (depression), WHOQOL-BREF WHO quality of life – BREF, WLC waitlist control group