Table 1.
WLC (n = 85) |
HRT (n = 81) |
DC (n = 84) |
DC-is (n = 84) |
Statistics | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic and background variables | ||||||||
Age in years | 34.38 (10.20) | 32.93 (9.80) | 33.02 (11.27) | 32.48 (10.86) | F(3, 330) = 0.51, p = 0.676, ηp2 = 0.005 | |||
Gender (female/male/diverse) | 70/15/0 | 65/15/1 | 71/13/0 | 67/17/0 | χ2(6) = 3.82, p = 0.701 | |||
Prior psychotherapeutic treatments | 1.27 (1.71) | 0.80 (1.42) | 1.37 (4.63) | 0.84 (1.19) | F(3, 320) = 0.99, p = 0.298, ηp2 = 0.009 | |||
Medication | ||||||||
Antidepressants | 14.1% | 4.9% | 10.7% | 9.5% | χ2(3) = 4.01, p = 0.260 | |||
Antipsychotics | 2.4% | 2.5% | 0% | 0% | χ2(3) = 4.10, p = 0.251 | |||
Antiepileptics | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2.4% | χ2(3) = 5.99, p = 0.112 | |||
Other psychotropic substances | 3.5% | 1.2% | 2.4% | 1.2% | χ2(3) = 1.51, p = 0.679 | |||
No psychotropic substances | 82.4% | 93.8% | 86.9% | 89.3% | χ2(3) = 5.41, p = 0.144 | |||
Generic BFRB Scale-9 (GBS-9) | ||||||||
Total score | 16.01 (5.25) | 15.70 (5.91) | 16.06 (4.98) | 14.70 (5.16) | F(3, 330) = 1.19, p = 0.313, ηp2 = 0.011 | |||
Severity | 9.64 (2.61) | 9.59 (3.14) | 9.45 (2.65) | 9.23 (2.72) | F(3, 330) = 0.36, p = 0.782, ηp2 = 0.003 | |||
Impairment | 6.36 (3.21) | 6.11 (3.46) | 6.62 (3.17) | 5.47 (3.06) | F(3, 330) = 1.98, p = 0.116, ηp2 = 0.018 | |||
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | 8.16 (4.71) | 8.11 (4.60) | 9.11 (4.88) | 8.02 (5.25) | F(3, 330) = 0.91, p = 0.437, ηp2 = 0.008 | |||
Quality of life global item (WHOQOL-BREF) | 3.52 (0.87) | 3.78 (0.84) | 3.37 (0.76) | 3.52 (0.92) | F(3, 330) = 3.28, p = 0.021, ηp2 = 0.029 [HRT > WLC: p = 0.049, d = 0.30; HRT > DC: p = 0.002, d = 0.51; HRT > DC-is: p = 0.056, d = 0.29] | |||
Lifetime prevalence BFRBs | ||||||||
Skin picking | 54.1% | 56.8% | 59.5% | 66.7% | χ2(3) = 3.05, p = 0.384 | |||
Nail biting | 58.8% | 58% | 52.4% | 67.9% | χ2(3) = 4.28, p = 0.233 | |||
Trichotillomania | 42.4% | 37% | 42.9% | 38.1% | χ2(3) = 0.90, p = 0.825 | |||
Lip-cheek biting | 37.6% | 39.5% | 40.5% | 36.9% | χ2(3) = 0.29, p = 0.962 | |||
Other | 11.8% | 13.6% | 8.3% | 7.1% | χ2(3) = 2.42, p = 0.490 | |||
Current presence of BFRBs | ||||||||
Skin picking | 47.1% | 53.1% | 52.4% | 58.3% | χ2(3) = 2.16, p = 0.539 | |||
Nail biting | 41.2% | 35.8% | 35.7% | 44% | χ2(3) = 1.79, p = 0.618 | |||
Trichotillomania | 37.6% | 35.8% | 35.7% | 33.3% | χ2(3) = 0.34, p = 0.951 | |||
Lip-cheek biting | 23.5% | 25.9% | 28.6% | 31% | χ2(3) = 1.32, p = 0.724 | |||
Other | 9.4% | 11.1% | 6% | 6% | χ2(3) = 2.23, p = 0.526 | |||
Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders | ||||||||
No psychiatric disorder | 45.9% | 53.1% | 48.8% | 58.3% | χ2(3) = 2.97, p = 0.396 | |||
Depression | 34.1% | 23.5% | 33.3% | 25% | χ2(3) = 3.70, p = 0.295 | |||
Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 18.8% | 8.6% | 14.3% | 8.3% | χ2(3) = 5.76, p = 0.124 | |||
Anxiety disorder | 14.1% | 12.3% | 14.3% | 10.7% | χ2(3) = 0.64, p = 0.888 | |||
Posttraumatic stress disorder | 4.7% | 6.2% | 4.8% | 2.4% | χ2(3) = 1.43, p = 0.699 | |||
Substance or alcohol abuse | 2.4% | 0% | 3.6% | 2.4% | χ2(3) = 2.69, p = 0.443 | |||
Other | 20% | 13.6% | 10.7% | 16.7% | χ2(3) = 3.12, p = 0.373 |
DC decoupling, DC-is decoupling in sensu, HRT habit reversal training, PHQ-9 patient health questionnaire-9 (depression), WHOQOL-BREF WHO quality of life – BREF, WLC waitlist control group