Table 3.
Complete cases, per protocol and intention-to-treat analyses across time for primary and secondary outcomes
| WLC (n = 68) |
HRT first (HRT; n = 52) |
DC first (DC; n = 57) |
DC-is first (DC-is; n = 58) |
Intention to treat (ITT) (WLC: n = 85; HRT first: n = 81; DC first: n = 84; DC-is first: n = 84) |
PP read: at least read manual (WLC: n = 68, HRT: n = 45, DC: n = 50; DC-is: n = 50) | PP performed: at least once performed exercises (WLC: n = 68, HRT: n = 33, DC: n = 40; DC-is: n = 35) |
PP frequent: technique(s) performed at least once weekly (WLC: n = 68, HRT: n = 22, DC: n = 24; DC-is: n = 18) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | T = Time; I = Interaction; differences across conditions in square brackets | |||||||
| GBS-9 total | 15.62 (5.44) |
14.18 (5.13) [p < 0.001] |
15.06 (5.55) |
11.57 (6.17) [p < 0.001] |
15.48 (4.59) |
11.92 (5.42) [p < 0.001] |
15.40 (5.17) |
11.76 (5.39) [p < 0.001] |
T: F(1, 330) = 225.91, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.406 I: F(3, 330) = 4.87, p = 0.002, ηp2 = 0.042 [HRT > WLC: p = 0.003, d = 0.54; DC > WLC: p = 0.001, d = 0.52; DC-is > WLC: p = 0.002, d = 0.52] |
T: F(1, 209) = 155.03, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.426 I: F(3, 209) = 6.57, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.086 [HRT > WLC: p = 0.002, d = 0.68; DC > WLC: p = 0.001, d = 0.56; DC-is > WLC: p < 0.001, d = 0.83] |
T: F(1, 172) = 144.81, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.457 I: F(3, 172) = 8.46, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.129 [HRT > WLC: p = 0.009, d = 0.63; DC > WLC: p < 0.001, d = 0.77; DC-is > WLC: p < 0.001, d = 0.93] |
T: F(1, 128) = 101.15, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.441 I: F(3, 128) = 8.19, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.161 [HRT > WLC: p = 0.079, d = 0.45; DC > WLC: p < 0.001, d = 0.94; DC-is > WLC: p = 0.001, d = 0.96; DC > HRT: p = 0.060, d = 0.49] |
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| GBS-9 severity | 9.52 (2.78) |
8.40 (2.85) [p < 0.001] |
9.25 (3.05) |
7.16 (3.38) [p < 0.001] |
9.24 (2.34) |
7.25 (3.00) [p < 0.001] |
9.61 (2.60) |
7.46 (2.76) [p < 0.001] |
T: F(1, 330) = 235.15, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.416 I: F(3, 330) = 2.48, p = 0.061, ηp2 = 0.022 [HRT > WLC: p = 0.016, d = 0.41; DC > WLC: p = 0.029, d = 0.34; DC-is > WLC: p = 0.015, d = 0.41] |
T: F(1, 209) = 152.88, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.422 I: F(3, 209) = 3.82, p = 0.011, ηp2 = 0.052 [HRT > WLC: p = 0.014, d = 0.53; DC > WLC: p = 0.026, d = 0.41; DC-is > WLC: p = 0.003, d = 0.63] |
T: F(1, 172) = 143.06, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.454 I: F(3, 172) = 4.89, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.079 [HRT > WLC: p = 0.021, d = 0.55; DC > WLC: p = 0.003, d = 0.56; DC-is > WLC: p = 0.002, d = 0.72] |
T: F(1,128) = 91.46, p < .001, ηp2 = 0.417 I: F(3, 128) = 3.76, p = 0.012, ηp2 = 0.081 [HRT > WLC: p = 0.085, d = 0.42; DC > WLC: p = 0.011, d = 0.59; DC-is > WLC: p = 0.012, d = 0.72] |
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| GBS-9 impairment | 6.10 (3.19) |
5.78 (3.06) [p = 0.200] |
5.81 (3.18) |
4.40 (3.27) [p < 0.001] |
6.25 (3.08) |
4.67 (2.96) [p < 0.001] |
5.79 (3.23) |
4.14 (2.87) [p < 0.001] |
T: F(1, 330) = 99.01, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.231 I: F(3, 330) = 4.71, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.041 [HRT > WLC: p = 0.010, d = 0.44; DC > WLC: p < 0.001, d = 0.53; DC-is > WLC: p = 0.005, d = 0.46] |
T: F(1, 209) = 71.70, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.255 I: F(3, 209) = 5.56, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.074 [HRT > WLC: p = 0.006, d = 0.57; DC > WLC: p = 0.001, d = 0.55; DC-is > WLC: p = 0.001, d = 0.73] |
T: F(1, 172) = 64.42, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.272 I: F(3, 172) = 7.05, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.110 [HRT > WLC: p = 0.043, d = 0.46; DC > WLC: p < 0.001, d = 0.75; DC > HRT: p = 0.094, d = 0.35; DC-is > WLC: p = 0.001, d = 0.79] |
T: F(1, 128) = 47.06, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.269 I: F(3, 128) = 7.71, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.153 [DC > WLC: p < 0.001, d = 0.92; DC-is > WLC: p = 0.002, d = 0.89; DC > HRT: p = 0.017, d = 0.65; DC-is > HRT: p = 0.075, d = 0.59] |
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| Quality of life global item (WHOQOL-BREF) | 3.54 (0.78) |
3.59 (0.70) [p = 0.634] |
3.77 (0.83) |
3.67 (0.90) [p = 0.374] |
3.37 (0.79) |
3.77 (0.82) [p < 0.001] |
3.54 (0.93) |
3.70 (0.94) [p = 0.162] |
T: F(1, 330) = 9.22, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.027 I: F(3, 330) = 5.67, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.049 [DC > WLC: p = 0.011, d = 0.39; DC > HRT: p < 0.001, d = 0.64; DC-is > HRT: p = 0.029, d = 0.33; DC > DC-is: p = 0.089, d = 0.28] |
T: F(1, 209) = 5.68, p = 0.018, ηp2 = 0.026 I: F(3, 209) = 2.94, p = 0.034, ηp2 = 0.040 [DC > WLC: p = 0.022, d = 0.45; DC > HRT: p = 0.006, d = 0.60] |
T: F(1, 172) = 8.22, p = 0.005, ηp2 = 0.046 I: F(3, 172) = 2.26, p = 0.083, ηp2 = 0.038 [DC > WLC: p = 0.035, d = 0.43; DC > HRT: p = 0.043, d = 0.47] |
T: F(1, 128) = 6.70, p = 0.011, ηp2 = 0.050 I: F(3, 128) = 2.52, p = 0.061, ηp2 = 0.056 [DC > WLC: p = 0.025, d = 0.53; DC > HRT: p = 0.028, d = 0.63] |
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| Depressive symptoms, (PHQ-9) | 8.13 (4.85) |
7.88 (4.44) [p = 0.546] |
8.06 (4.55) |
6.90 (4.90) [p = 0.013] |
9.30 (4.67) |
6.88 (5.14) [p < 0.001] |
7.90 (4.86) |
6.74 (5.36) [p = 0.087] |
T: F(1, 330) = 32.75, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.089 I: F(3, 330) = 3.00, p = 0.031, ηp2 = 0.027 [DC > WLC: p = 0.003, d = 0.47] |
T: F(1, 209) = 22.17, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.096 I: F(3, 209) = 3.87, p = 0.010, ηp2 = 0.053 [DC > WLC: p = 0.001, d = 0.63; DC > HRT: p = 0.041, d = 0.44; DC > DC-is: p = 0.044, d = 0.34] |
T: F(1, 172) = 18.11, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.095 I: F(3,172) = 3.92, p = 0.010, ηp2 = 0.064 [DC > WLC: p = 0.001, d = 0.64; DC > HRT: p = 0.025, d = 0.52; DC > DC-is: p = 0.085, d = 0.34] |
T: F(1, 128) = 21.59, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.144 I: F(3, 128) = 5.42, p = 0.002, ηp2 = 0.113 [DC > WLC: p < 0.001, d = 0.80; DC > HRT: p = 0.010, d = 0.71; DC-is > WLC: p = 0.064, d = 0.53] |
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DC decoupling, DC-is decoupling in sensu, GBS-9 generic body-focused repetitive behavior scale-9, HRT habit reversal training, PHQ-9 patient health questionnaire 9 (depression), WHOQOL-BREF WHO quality of life – BREF, WLC waitlist control group