Table 3.
Likelihood of welfare receipt of immigrants in Germany, marginal effects, stepwise modeling with full sample.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immigrant group (ref = EU immigrants) | ||||
| Third country | 0.074*** (0.017) | 0.077*** (0.018) | 0.058** (0.018) | 0.053** (0.020) |
| Refugee | 0.448*** (0.014) | 0.399*** (0.018) | 0.400*** (0.018) | 0.306*** (0.028) |
| Unemployment experience | – | 0.104*** (0.015) | 0.110*** (0.015) | 0.132*** (0.018) |
| Education level (ref = low education) | ||||
| Medium education | – | –0.071*** (0.016) | –0.057*** (0.015) | –0.059*** (0.015) |
| High education | – | –0.139*** (0.015) | –0.118*** (0.015) | –0.122*** (0.015) |
| Other human capital | ||||
| Full-time employment experience | – | –0.092*** (0.012) | –0.084*** (0.012) | –0.055*** (0.014) |
| German language abilities (spoken) | – | –0.017 (0.011) | –0.018 (0.011) | –0.014 (0.011) |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| One child | – | – | 0.006 (0.017) | –0.009 (0.017) |
| Multiple children | – | – | 0.107*** (0.013) | 0.084*** (0.013) |
| Female | – | – | 0.067*** (0.013) | 0.065*** (0.013) |
| Single parent | – | – | 0.169*** (0.022) | 0.181*** (0.022) |
| Legal status (ref = temporary residency) | ||||
| Recognized refugee | – | – | – | 0.003 (0.029) |
| Permanent residency | – | – | – | –0.086*** (0.023) |
| Migration-related factors | ||||
| Age at immigration | – | – | – | 0.007*** (0.001) |
| Years of residence in Germany | – | – | – | –0.024* (0.010) |
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
and
***
p < 0.001.
† indicates time-changing variables.