Table 1.
Studies examining the impact of telemonitoring interventions versus comparator on adherence (N=12).
| Study type and authors, year, and country | Study population, N | Condition | Intervention type, number of participants, age (years), men (n [%]) | Comparator, number of participants, age (years), mean (n [%]) | Outcomes | Follow-up | Impact of telemonitoring | ||||||
| Randomized controlled trials | |||||||||||||
|
|
Ong et al [84], 2016, United States | 1437 | CHFa | Automated upload of data on dedicated device or software, 715, mean 73 (SD not reported), men: 382 (53.4); women: 333 (46.6) | Usual care, 722, mean 73 (SD not reported), men: 382 (53.4); women: 333 (46.6) | Adherence electronically recorded; 82.7% | 1 month | =b | |||||
|
|
Gallagher et al [51], 2017, United States | 40 | HFc | Manual upload of data on dedicated device or software, 20, median 68 (IQR 49-79), men: 15 (75); women: 5 (25) | Usual care, 20, median 62 (IQR 52-75), men: 15 (75); women: 5 (25) | Adherence recorded electronically; 81% in both groups | 1 month | = | |||||
|
|
Kotooka et al [66], 2018, Japan | 183 | CHF | Automated upload of data on dedicated device or software, 93, mean 67.1 (SD 12.8), men: 51 (56); women: 39 (44) | Usual care, 91, mean 65.4 (SD 15.6), men: 56 (61); women: 35 (39) | Adherence recorded electronically; 90% at 12 months | 12 months | = | |||||
|
|
Varon et al [103], 2015, United Kingdom | 534 | HF | Docobo system (telemonitoring only), 135, mean 69.1 (SD 12.6), not reported | Motiva system (telemonitoring+ educational videos), 399, mean 69.1 (SD 12.6), not reported | Adherence assessed by the amount of missing data during the telemonitoring period | 6 weeks | −d | |||||
|
|
Kardas et al [58], 2016, Poland | 60 | Type 2 diabetes | Automated upload of data on dedicated device or software, 30, mean 59.9 (SD 5.31), men: 17 (57); women: 13 (43) | Usual care, 30, mean 59 (SD 8.9), men: 19 (63); women: 11 (47) | Adherence expressed as medication taken vs medication prescribed; 92.9% | 6 weeks | +e | |||||
|
|
Cho et al [30], 2009, South Korea | 69 | Type 2 diabetes | Mobile app, 35, mean 51.1 (SD 13.1), 26 men; 74 womenf | Web-based telemonitoring system, 34, mean 51.1 (SD 13.1), 26 men; 74 womenf | Adherence, self-reported; >70% in both groups | 3 months | = | |||||
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|
Seto et al [92], 2012, Canada | 100 | CHF | Automated upload of data on dedicated device or software, 50, mean 55.1 (SD 13.7), men: 41 (82); women: 9 (18) | Usual care, 50, mean 52.3 (SD 13.7), men: 38 (76); women: 12 (24) | Adherence registered electronically; 80% | 6 months | + | |||||
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Evans et al [48], 2016, United States | 441 | HF and healthy | Disease group: automated upload of data on dedicated device or software, 421, mean 71.8 (SD 8.8), 46 men; 54 womenf | Healthy group: automated upload of data on dedicated device or software, 20, mean 72.2 (SD 4.3), 50 men; 50 womenf | Adherence checking the amount of data against the participants’ time spent in the study; between 71% and 81% | 6 months | + | |||||
| Nonrandomized studies | |||||||||||||
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Agboola et al [13], 2013, United States | 30 | Hypertension | Web-based device, 15, mean 61.9 (SD not reported), 20 men; 80 womenf | Mobile blood pressure device, 15, mean 61.6 (SD not reported), 20 men; 80 womenf | Adherence recorded electronically based on frequency of data transmission | 2 months | + | |||||
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Domingo et al [42], 2012, Spain | 97 | HF | Automated upload of data on dedicated device or software, 46, mean 66.5 (SD 11.5), men: 14 (30); women: 32 (70) | Usual care, 51, mean 66.5 (SD 11.5), men: 15 (30); women: 36 (70) | Adherence based on the number of educational videos watched; between 67% and 85% | 6 months | + | |||||
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|
Karg et al [59], 2012, Germany | 36 | COPDg | Automated upload of data on dedicated device or software, 36, mean 67.9 (SD 6.9), men: 27 (75); women: 9 (25) | N/Ah | Adherence: use of the device for at least two-thirds of working days; full compliance | 6 months | + | |||||
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De Lusignan et al [36], 2001, United Kingdom | 20 | CHF | Manual upload of data on dedicated device or software, 10, mean 75.2 (SD not reported), not reported | Usual care, 10, mean 75.2 (SD not reported), not reported | Adherence based on the frequency of the uploaded data; 90% | 12 months | + | |||||
aCHF: congestive heart failure.
bNo differences between telemonitoring and usual care.
cHF: heart failure.
dNegative impact of telemonitoring over comparator.
ePositive impact of telemonitoring over comparator.
fAbsolute value not reported in the paper.
gCOPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
hN/A: not applicable.