TABLE 1.
Descriptive statistics of the first cohort (n=344) and univariate analyses with the stiffness outcome
| Variable name | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Summary stats | Parameter estimates (coefficients) | Relationship with stiffness* | |
| Age (y) | 15 (12,16) | −0.10 | 0.163 |
| Sex: male, n (%) | 232 (67.4) | 0.91 | 0.685 |
| Ethnicity: non-Hispanic, n (%) | 275 (79.9) | 0.92 | 0.028 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 26 (7.6) | 0.03 | 0.013 |
| Medication usage, n (%) | |||
| Insulin | 14 (4.1) | 1.03 | 0.026 |
| Metformin | 87 (25.3) | 0.97 | 0.001 |
| Vitamin E supplementation | 22 (6.4) | −0.11 | 0.315 |
| Statin | 9 (2.6) | −0.04 | 0.675 |
| Physical examination data | |||
| Obesity group, n (%) | 0.005 | ||
| Overweight | 10 (2.9) | 0.12 | |
| Obese Class I | 72 (20.9) | −0.24 | |
| Severe obesity Class II | 93 (27.0) | −0.06 | |
| Severe obesity Class III | 168 (48.8) | 0.93 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 36.5 (32.1, 41) | 0.01 | <0.001 |
| BMI z score | 2.48 (2.18, 2.68) | 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127 (120, 134.5) | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 69 (63, 76) | 0.004 | 0.035 |
| Laboratory data | |||
| ALT (U/L)† | 73 (52, 105) | 0.003 | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L)† | 35 (26, 53) | 0.08 | <0.001 |
| AST_ALT ratio† | 0.49 (0.42, 0.59) | 0.07 | 0.947 |
| GGT (U/L)† | 39 (25, 60) | −0.003 | <0.001 |
| ALP (U/L)† | 155.5 (103, 255) | 0.000 | 0.273 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 293 (255, 335) | 0.06 | 0.051 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL)† | 90.5 (85, 96) | 0.16 | 0.154 |
| Fasting insulin level (mU/L) | 24.7 (15.4, 36.5) | 0.10 | <0.001 |
| HbA1C (%)† | 5.3 (5, 5.5) | 0.04 | 0.067 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)† | 140 (101.5, 201.5) | 0.001 | 0.066 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 87 (68, 110) | −0.001 | 0.088 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 38 (32, 45) | −0.02 | 0.579 |
| MRI data | |||
| Liver volume (mL) | 2214.5 (1861, 2586.5) | – | |
| Liver stiffness (kPa) | 2.47 (2.12, 2.81) | – | |
Data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges or N (%). ALP = alkaline phosphatase; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; ANOVA = analysis of variance; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; BMI = body mass index; GGT = gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.
*
One-way ANOVA was used for categorical variable and linear regression was used for continuous variables.
†
Variables were log-transformed for the tests.