Table 2.

Examples of high level policy implementation.

Domain	Example
Policies
Food composition	In Finland, the Decree of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry on declaring certain foods high-salt (10/2014), food packaging must be labelled as "high salt" or "high in salt" if the salt content of the food is exceeded. Government Decree (54/2012) on the criteria for supporting the meals of university students: granting of a state subsidy to student restaurants to reduce the price of a student meal (meal-specific subsidy). The prerequisite is e.g., that the student meal meets general health and nutritional requirements. Finland has developed a Nutrition Commitment, which is a tool for food sector and industrial food product design. The voluntary nutrition commitment can be made in eight different content areas that are subject to key change objectives in the nutrition recommendation. In Portugal, an extended commitment to reformulate salt, sugar, and trans fatty acids content in different food product categories was signed in May 2019. The protocol was established between the Directorate-General of Health, the National Health Institute, the Portuguese Association of Distribution Companies, and the Federation of the Portuguese Agri-Food Industry.
Food labelling	Low level of implementation among all countries.
Food marketing	In Portugal, the Law No. 30/ 2019 of 23 April introduces restrictions on advertising to children under 16 years old of food products and drinks containing high energy value, salt, sugar, saturated fatty acids, and trans fatty acids content. The law covers schools, public playgrounds and a 100 m-radius around these places; television, on-demand media services, and radio, in the 30 minutes preceding and following children's programmes, as well as programmes with an audience of at least 25% below 16 years old; cinemas, in movies for children under 16; and websites, social networks, and mobile applications where the contents are intended for children under 16 years of age. The food and beverage products must meet the nutritional criteria defined in the Portuguese Nutrient Profile Model, developed by the Directorate-General of Health, based on WHO Regional Office for Europe Nutrient Profile Model.
Food prices	From February 2017, Portugal implemented an excise duty on drinks containing added sugar or other sweeteners. The revenue from the application of the tax is allocated to the National Health Service Budget. The Law No. 71/2018 of 31 December - State Budget for 2019 - introduced a revision to this tax, creating new taxation tiers to allow this measure to continue encouraging food industry to reduce sugar in these drinks.
Food provision	In Finland, national nutrition guidelines exist for several population groups (for example: for early education, schools, and for elderly) and several voluntary support tools like Heart Symbol in healthy foods, nutrition commitment for industry, and other stakeholders as well as the School Lunch Diploma are at place. Portugal has legislation on food provision in school and on food supply for Healthcare Institutions. In 2016, the Order No. 7516-A/2016 determined the conditions for the limitation of unhealthy products in vending machines, available in the institutions of the Ministry of Health. By the end of 2017, the Order No. 11391/2017 extended the limitation of unhealthy products based on the nutritional profile defined by the National Healthy Eating Promotion Program to bars, cafeterias, and buffets, in the same institutions. More recently, in August 2021, the Order No. 8127/2021 extended the limitation of unhealthy products to school buffets and vending machines of public educational establishments of the Ministry of Education.
Food retail	Low level of implementation among all countries.
Infrastructure Support
Leadership	According to the Constitution of Finland Public Authorities shall ensure adequate social and health services for all and promote the health of the population. Health Care Act's 30·12·2010/1326 purpose is to promote and maintain the health, well-being, ability to work and function and social security of the population and reduce health inequalities between population groups. Finland has national nutrition guidelines for several population groups (for example for early education, schools, and for elderly). Portugal has, since 2017, an Integrated Strategy for the Promotion of Healthy Eating, that was published by an Order of the Assistant Secretary of State for Health, the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development, the Minister of the Sea, the Secretary of State for Fiscal Affairs, the Secretary of State for Local Authorities, the Secretary of State for Education, the Assistant Secretary of State for Commerce, the Secretary of State for Industry, and the Secretary of State for Tourism (Order No. 11418/2017, of 29 December). This strategy aims to place ‘healthy eating in all public policies” and has the mission to encourage adequate food consumption and the consequent improvement of the nutritional status of citizens, with direct impact on the prevention and control of chronic diseases.
Governance	Finnish legislation's (e.g., Administrative Law 434/2003, Act on the Publicity of the Activities of Authorities. 21·5·1999 / 621) purpose is to implement and promote good governance and legal security in administrative matters and to promote the quality and efficiency of administrative services. National nutrition recommendations are based on a joint Nordic scientific assessment of the evidence and are published on the website. Finland also have Current Care Guidelines, e.g., for obesity. Recommendations are independent and research based.
Monitoring	In Finland, several approaches and supporting mechanisms to monitor nutrition such as national food composition data base, national health examination surveys for adults to monitor overweight and food habits, surveys/questionnaire surveys to assess food habits of both adults and children and national register data on children's weight and height exist.
Funding	Low level of implementation among all countries.
Platforms	The Finnish government program coordinates and commits various branches of government and actors. Legislation, e.g., Health Care Act 30.12.2010/1326 obliges the various sectors of the municipality to cooperate in promoting health and well-being. Finland has advisory boards, e.g., National Nutrition Council and Public Health Advisory Board.
Health in all policies	In Finland, the principle of Health in all policies must be considered in all decision-making. All legislation must consider the assessment of the effects of laws on the health and well-being of the population.