Table 6.

Summary of associations between selected biomarkers and outcomes of breast cancer prognosis

	Testosterone	Estradiol/SHBG	Insulin/C-Peptide	HOMA-IR	HDL-c/TG	IGF-1/IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3/PDGF	Adipokines (Adiponectin/Leptin)	CRP
Recurrence	↑ WHEL [25]	— Estradiol, SHBG DIANA 2 [20]; WHEL [25]	— Insulin DIANA 2 [20]	—DIANA 5 [23]	-- HDL-c, TG DIANA 2 [21] ↓ HDL-c DIANA 5 [23] ↑ TG DIANA 5 [23]	— IGF-1, PDGF DIANA 2 [22] ↑ IGF-1 + PDGF DIANA 2 [22]	N.A.	— DIANA 2 [22]
	↑ DIANA 2 [20]
	↑ T + MetSa DIANA 2 [21]
	↑ PACThe [24]
Disease-free survival	↓ PACThe [24]	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	↑ HDL-c PACThe [24]	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.
Breast cancer event	N.A.	N.A.	— Insulin WHEL [26]	N.A.	N.A.	— IGF-1, IGFBP-3 WHEL [26]	—Adiponectin, Leptin WHEL [26]	↑ WHEL [27]
Breast cancer mortality	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	↑ WHEL [27]
All-cause mortality	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	↑ WHEL [27]

Abbreviations: CRP C-reactive protein, HDL-c High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, IGF-1 Insulin-like growth factor-1, IGFBP-1 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, IGFBP-3 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, PDGF Platelet-derived growth factor, SHBG Sex hormone-binding globulin, TG Triglycerides

↑ significant positive association; ↓ significant negative association; —no significant association; N.A. not assessed

^a Women with metabolic syndrome and testosterone > 0.40 ng/mL