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. 2022 Nov 18;23:996. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05948-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — A 75-year-old female received lumbar spinal fusion surgery (L4/5). Lateral flexion (A) and extension (B) views of lumber spine radiography at postoperative 6-month showed bridging callus formation (labeled by *) and range of motion in L4/5 of less than five degrees (from 10.5 degrees to 11.6 degrees). Computed tomography (C) at postoperative 6-month showed callus formation (*) between the fused vertebrae