Table 5.
Class of antibiotics and percentage of antibiotics used among hospitalized patients in JMC during the study period based on EML AWaRe classification (n = 360)
| S.N | ATC code | Antibiotics class | Antibiotics | Total, N (%) | WHO 2019 AWaRe group | EEML 2020 AWaRe group | Antibiotics use (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WHO 2019 | EEML 2020 | |||||||
| 1. | J01CA01 | Penicillins | Ampicillin | 11 (3.1) | Access | Access | 34.0% | 34.0% |
| 2. | J01CA04 | Penicillins | Amoxicillin | 5 (1.4) | Access | Access | ||
| 3. | J01CR02 | Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid | Augmentin | 5 (1.4) | Access | Access | ||
| 4. | J01DB | Cephalosporin | Cephalexin | 26 (7.2) | Access | Access | ||
| 5. | J01CF | Penicillins | Cloxacillin | 1 (0.3) | Access | Access | ||
| 6. | J01EE01 | Trimethoprim–sulfonamide | Cotrimoxazole | 11 (3.1) | Access | Access | ||
| 7. | J01AA02 | Tetracyclines | Doxycycline | 22 (6.1) | Access | Access | ||
| 8. | J01GB03 | Aminoglycosides | Gentamicin | 3 (0.8) | Access | Access | ||
| 9. | J02AB01 | Nitro-imidazole | Metronidazole | 139 (38.6) | Access | Access | ||
| 10. | J01MA | Fluoroquinolones | Norfloxacin | 3 (0.8) | Access | Access | ||
| 11. | J01XX | Other antibiotics* | Others | 9 (2.5) | Access | Access | ||
| 12. | J01FA10 | Macrolides | Azithromycin | 31 (8.6) | Watch | Watch | ||
| 13. | J01DD04 | Cephalosporin | Ceftriaxone | 312 (86.7) | Watch | Watch | 66.0% | 57.6% |
| 14. | J01DD02 | Cephalosporin | Ceftazidime | 25 (6.9) | Watch | Watch | ||
| 15. | J01FA09 | Macrolides | Clarithromycin | 1 (0.3) | Watch | Watch | ||
| 16. | J01MA02 | Fluoroquinolones | Ciprofloxacin | 29 (8.1) | Watch | Watch | ||
| 17. | J01DH02 | Carbapenems | Meropenem | 4 (1.1) | Watch | Reserve | 8.4% | |
| 18. | J01XA01 | Glycopeptides | Vancomycin | 54 (15.0) | Watch | Reserve | ||
| Total number of antibiotics | 691 (100) | 691 (100.0) | 691 (100.0) | |||||
ATC code The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical code for antibiotics
*Benzathine penicillin and erythromycin