Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to coffee and tea consumption
| Characteristic | Coffee consumption (cups/day) | Tea consumption (cups/day) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | < 1–2 | 3–4 | ≥ 5 | None | < 1–1 | 2–4 | ≥ 5 | |
| Total | 110,646 (22.2) | 229,498 (46.1) | 102,694 (20.6) | 55,320 (11.1) | 73,223 (14.7) | 57,438 (11.5) | 217,454 (43.7) | 150,043 (30.1) |
| Age, median (IQR), year | 56 (49–62) | 59 (51–64) | 58 (51–63) | 57 (49–62) | 56 (48–62) | 56 (48–63) | 58 (51–64) | 58 (51–63) |
| Female | 64,412 (58.2) | 127,729 (55.7) | 52,750 (51.4) | 26,246 (47.4) | 41,350 (56.5) | 29,958 (52.2) | 118,940 (54.7) | 80,889 (53.9) |
| Education level | ||||||||
| College/university degree | 30,021 (27.1) | 79,979 (34.8) | 36,493 (35.5) | 16,436 (29.7) | 23,198 (40.4) | 73,844 (34.0) | 43,535 (29.0) | 23,198 (40.4) |
| Upper secondary | 11,763 (10.6) | 26,613 (11.6) | 11,711 (11.4) | 5997 (10.8) | 7211 (12.6) | 24,543 (11.3) | 15,816 (10.5) | 7211 (12.6) |
| Lower secondary | 31,333 (28.3) | 59,743 (26.0) | 26,955 (26.2) | 15,758 (28.5) | 14,320 (24.9) | 57,810 (26.6) | 40,350 (26.9) | 14,320 (24.9) |
| Vocational | 7923 (7.2) | 14,327 (6.2) | 6585 (6.4) | 4248 (7.7) | 3186 (5.5) | 13,755 (6.3) | 11,222 (7.5) | 3186 (5.5) |
| Others | 29,606 (26.8) | 48,836 (21.3) | 20,950 (20.4) | 12,881 (23.3) | 9523 (16.6) | 47,502 (21.8) | 39,120 (26.1) | 9523 (16.6) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 99,782 (90.2) | 217,514 (94.8) | 100,110 (97.5) | 54,241 (98.0) | 52,829 (92.0) | 203,056 (93.4) | 145,716 (97.1) | 52,829 (92.0) |
| Asian/Asian British | 5203 (4.7) | 4910 (2.1) | 807 (0.8) | 281 (0.5) | 1649 (2.9) | 6928 (3.2) | 1753 (1.2) | 1649 (2.9) |
| Black/Black British | 3417 (3.1) | 3498 (1.5) | 730 (0.7) | 261 (0.5) | 1642 (2.9) | 3991 (1.8) | 1005 (0.7) | 1642 (2.9) |
| Others | 2244 (2.0) | 3576 (1.6) | 1047 (1.0) | 537 (1.0) | 1318 (2.3) | 3479 (1.6) | 1569 (1.0) | 1318 (2.3) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| < 25 | 36,251 (32.8) | 80,076 (34.9) | 30,886 (30.1) | 14,455 (26.1) | 18,952 (33.0) | 73,452 (33.8) | 48,043 (32.0) | 18,952 (33.0) |
| 25 to < 30 | 45,545 (41.2) | 97,643 (42.5) | 45,602 (44.4) | 24,213 (43.8) | 24,148 (42.0) | 93,778 (43.1) | 65,325 (43.5) | 24,148 (42.0) |
| ≥ 30 | 28,850 (26.1) | 51,779 (22.6) | 26,206 (25.5) | 16,652 (30.1) | 14,338 (25.0) | 50,224 (23.1) | 36,675 (24.4) | 14,338 (25.0) |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Low | 22,579 (20.4) | 41,187 (17.9) | 19,398 (18.9) | 11,907 (21.5) | 11,486 (20.0) | 40,070 (18.4) | 28,267 (18.8) | 11,486 (20.0) |
| Middle | 43,656 (39.5) | 95,257 (41.5) | 42,526 (41.4) | 21,547 (38.9) | 23,770 (41.4) | 90,245 (41.5) | 59,957 (40.0) | 23,770 (41.4) |
| High | 44,411 (40.1) | 93,054 (40.5) | 40,770 (39.7) | 21,866 (39.5) | 22,182 (38.6) | 87,139 (40.1) | 61,819 (41.2) | 22,182 (38.6) |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never | 65,038 (58.8) | 130,528 (56.9) | 53,733 (52.3) | 23,467 (42.4) | 31,320 (54.5) | 123,264 (56.7) | 80,012 (53.3) | 31,320 (54.5) |
| Previous | 34,794 (31.4) | 80,371 (35.0) | 37,635 (36.6) | 19,961 (36.1) | 19,840 (34.5) | 76,086 (35.0) | 51,831 (34.5) | 19,840 (34.5) |
| Current | 10,814 (9.8) | 18,599 (8.1) | 11,326 (11.0) | 11,892 (21.5) | 6278 (10.9) | 18,104 (8.3) | 18,200 (12.1) | 6278 (10.9) |
| Alcohol intake frequency | ||||||||
| Never | 16,033 (14.5) | 49,119 (21.4) | 24,778 (24.1) | 11,460 (20.7) | 15,204 (20.8) | 14,410 (25.1) | 46,723 (21.5) | 25,053 (16.7) |
| Special occasions only | 19,469 (17.6) | 56,404 (24.6) | 26,768 (26.1) | 12,304 (22.2) | 14,603 (19.9) | 13,544 (23.6) | 53,378 (24.5) | 33,420 (22.3) |
| One to three times a month | 27,509 (24.9) | 60,925 (26.5) | 26,177 (25.5) | 14,066 (25.4) | 17,602 (24.0) | 13,512 (23.5) | 56,771 (26.1) | 40,792 (27.2) |
| Once or twice a week | 13,926 (12.6) | 24,886 (10.8) | 10,223 (10.0) | 6531 (11.8) | 8482 (11.6) | 5938 (10.3) | 22,641 (10.4) | 18,505 (12.3) |
| Three or four times a week | 17,582 (15.9) | 24,070 (10.5) | 9239 (9.0) | 6634 (12.0) | 9647 (13.2) | 5940 (10.3) | 22,339 (10.3) | 19,599 (13.1) |
| Daily or almost daily | 16,127 (14.6) | 14,094 (6.1) | 5509 (5.4) | 4325 (7.8) | 7685 (10.5) | 4094 (7.1) | 15,602 (7.2) | 12,674 (8.4) |
| Self-reported health | ||||||||
| Excellent | 15,864 (14.3) | 39,346 (17.1) | 18,172 (17.7) | 8283 (15.0) | 11,834 (16.2) | 10,433 (18.2) | 36,796 (16.9) | 22,602 (15.1) |
| Good | 61,382 (55.5) | 135,704 (59.1) | 60,741 (59.1) | 30,764 (55.6) | 40,536 (55.4) | 33,089 (57.6) | 129,023 (59.3) | 85,943 (57.3) |
| Fair | 26,455 (23.9) | 45,511 (19.8) | 20,069 (19.5) | 13,108 (23.7) | 16,616 (22.7) | 11,457 (19.9) | 43,352 (19.9) | 33,718 (22.5) |
| Poor | 6945 (6.3) | 8937 (3.9) | 3712 (3.6) | 3165 (5.7) | 4237 (5.8) | 2459 (4.3) | 8283 (3.8) | 7780 (5.2) |
| Diet pattern | ||||||||
| Unhealthy | 62,139 (56.2) | 127,531 (55.6) | 58,913 (57.4) | 33,628 (60.8) | 42,795 (58.4) | 33,271 (57.9) | 120,774 (55.5) | 85,371 (56.9) |
| Healthy | 48,507 (43.8) | 101,967 (44.4) | 43,781 (42.6) | 21,692 (39.2) | 30,428 (41.6) | 24,167 (42.1) | 96,680 (44.5) | 64,672 (43.1) |
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No | 104,157 (94.1) | 218,198 (95.1) | 97,350 (94.8) | 52,086 (94.2) | 68,596 (93.7) | 54,341 (94.6) | 206,292 (94.9) | 142,562 (95.0) |
| Yes | 6489 (5.9) | 11,300 (4.9) | 5344 (5.2) | 3234 (5.8) | 4627 (6.3) | 3097 (5.4) | 11,162 (5.1) | 7481 (5.0) |
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No | 79,133 (71.5) | 166,543 (72.6) | 75,328 (73.4) | 40,832 (73.8) | 53,371 (72.9) | 42,392 (73.8) | 157,500 (72.4) | 108,573 (72.4) |
| Yes | 31,513 (28.5) | 62,955 (27.4) | 27,366 (26.6) | 14,488 (26.2) | 19,852 (27.1) | 15,046 (26.2) | 59,954 (27.6) | 41,470 (27.6) |
| Depression | ||||||||
| No | 101,860 (92.1) | 216,965 (94.5) | 97,530 (95.0) | 51,269 (92.7) | 68,280 (93.2) | 53,979 (94.0) | 205,218 (94.4) | 140,147 (93.4) |
| Yes | 8786 (7.9) | 12,533 (5.5) | 5164 (5.0) | 4051 (7.3) | 4943 (6.8) | 3459 (6.0) | 12,236 (5.6) | 9896 (6.6) |
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); IQR interquartile range (75th quartile minus 25th quartile)