Table 2.
HRs and 95% CIs of individual coffee and tea consumption for all-cause and cause-specific mortality
| Cause of death | All participants | Coffee consumption (cups/day) | Tea consumption (cups/day) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None (N = 110,646) | < 1–2 (N = 229,498) | 3–4 (N = 102,694) | ≥ 5 (N = 55,320) | None (N = 73,223) | < 1–1 (N = 57,438) | 2–4 (N = 217,454) | ≥ 5 (N = 150,043) | ||
| All causes | |||||||||
| No. of deaths (%) | 34,699 | 7963 (22.95) | 15,023 (43.30) | 7124 (20.53) | 4589 (13.23) | 5681 (16.37) | 3744 (10.79) | 14,206 (40.94) | 11,068 (31.90) |
| Model 1a | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.80 (0.78–0.83) | 0.84 (0.81–0.86) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.84 (0.80–0.87) | 0.77 (0.75–0.80) | 0.86 (0.83–0.89) | |
| Model 2b | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.91 (0.88–0.93) | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.92 (0.88–0.96) | 0.86 (0.83–0.88) | 0.87 (0.84–0.90) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||||||||
| No. of deaths (%) | 6663 | 1528 (22.93) | 2854 (42.83) | 1366 (20.50) | 915 (13.73) | 1106 (16.60) | 731 (10.97) | 2748 (41.24) | 2078 (31.19) |
| Model 1a | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.79 (0.74–0.84) | 0.81 (0.75–0.88) | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.84 (0.76–0.92) | 0.77 (0.71–0.83) | 0.82 (0.75–0.88) | |
| Model 2b | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 0.88 (0.81–0.94) | 0.87 (0.80–0.94) | |
| Respiratory disease | |||||||||
| No. of deaths (%) | 6018 | 1532 (25.46) | 2354 (39.12) | 1173 (19.49) | 959 (15.94) | 1078 (17.91) | 549 (9.12) | 2247 (37.34) | 2144 (35.63) |
| Model 1a | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.67 (0.63–0.71) | 0.75 (0.69–0.81) | 1.16 (1.06–1.26) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.68 (0.61–0.75) | 0.69 (0.64–0.75) | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) | |
| Model 2b | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.84 (0.78–0.89) | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.80 (0.72–0.88) | 0.80 (0.74–0.87) | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | |
| Digestive disease | |||||||||
| No. of deaths (%) | 2864 | 768 (26.82) | 1189 (41.52) | 544 (18.99) | 363 (12.67) | 533 (18.61) | 351 (12.26) | 1155 (40.33) | 825 (28.81) |
| Model 1a | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.66 (0.60–0.72) | 0.60 (0.54–0.68) | 0.72 (0.63–0.82) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) | 0.65 (0.58–0.72) | 0.61 (0.55–0.69) | |
| Model 2b | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.78 (0.71–0.86) | 0.69 (0.62–0.78) | 0.67 (0.59–0.77) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 0.76 (0.68–0.85) | 0.65 (0.58–0.73) | |
Abbreviations: HR hazard ratio; CI confidence interval
aAdjusted for sex and age
bAdjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, education levels, BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake frequency, physical activity, dietary pattern, general health status, hypertension, diabetes, and depression. Coffee and tea consumption were mutually adjusted