Summary of findings 1. Yoga compared to sham yoga for chronic non‐specific low back pain.

Yoga compared to sham yoga for chronic non‐specific low back pain
Patient or population: people with chronic non‐specific low back pain Settings: any Intervention: yoga Comparison: sham yoga
Outcomes	Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI)		Relative effect (95% CI)	No of participants (studies)	Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)	Comments
	Risk with sham yoga	Risk with yoga
Back‐specific functional status	—	—	—	—	—	No relevant studies.
Pain	—	—	—	—	—	No relevant studies.
Physical quality of life	—	—	—	—	—	No relevant studies.
Mental quality of life	—	—	—	—	—	No relevant studies.
Depression	—	—	—	—	—	No relevant studies.
Adverse events	—	—	—	—	—	No relevant studies.
*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: confidence interval.
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect.