5. Yoga intervention – type, components and design ^a.

Study	Type of yoga	Components of yoga intervention	How yoga intervention was designed
Bramberg 2017	Kundalini yoga	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Relaxation Mental focus	Quote: "A prestructured standardized kundalini yoga programme adapted for back pain was used."
Cox 2010	Iyengar yoga	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Relaxation Mental focus	Quote: "[D]evised by an iyengar yoga teacher (IYAUK) and LBP [low back pain] yoga specialist, in collaboration with a British Wheel of Yoga teacher (BWY), who delivered the intervention. The structure was based on that previously used in the US Karen Sherman yoga trial, … whilst ensuring that a common ground was found between the two associations of IYAUK and BWY. Other influences included Geeta and B.K.S. iyengar, who has taught yoga for over 70 years and has applied therapeutic variations of classical poses to many health problems including LBP."
Demirel 2019	—	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Philosophy	—
Galantino 2004	Hatha yoga	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Relaxation Ethics (Yamas and Niyamas)	Quote: "An expert panel of two hatha yoga instructors with greater than 10 years of experience and a physical therapist specializing in spine treatment established an initial yoga protocol for this study. Postures were selected based on orthopedic biomechanics."
Groessl 2017	Hatha yoga	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Meditation Mental focus	Quote: "[T]he yoga intervention that will be tested in the proposed RCT [randomized controlled trial] will be very similar to the yoga currently provided in the clinical yoga program that has been specifically tailored to the needs of veterans with CLBP [chronic low back pain]." Comment: unclear how program was developed.
Highland 2018	"Based on therapeutic yoga"	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Meditation	Quote: "Yoga‐treatment researchers and experts developed a 50‐hour RESTORE yoga teacher training program. RESTORE is based on therapeutic yoga, targeting major muscles affected by chronic LBP [low back pain],… including back and core strengthening/stretching for postural alignment."
Jacobs 2004	Iyengar style of hatha yoga	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Relaxation Mental focus	Comment: a panel of experts developed the yoga intervention. Quote: "The panel included 8 senior iyengar yoga instructors of national and international recognition with greater than 10 years experience teaching yoga. The protocol was constructed by consensus after 2 meetings and several months of discussion."
Kuvacic 2018	—	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Relaxation (Yoga Nidra) Meditation (Vipassana)	Quote: "Contemporary yoga practices suited to CLBP [chronic low back pain]."
Nambi 2014	Iyengar yoga	Postures (Asanas) Relaxation	—
Neyaz 2019	"Integrated yoga therapy module … developed from traditional hatha practices"	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Relaxation Meditation Yoga philosophy	Quote: "An integrated Yoga therapy module for CNLBP was developed from traditional hatha yoga practices, in collaboration with CIMR [Centre for Integrative Medicine and Research]."
Patil 2018	Integrated approach of yoga therapy (IAYT)	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Relaxation Meditation	Quote: "A 1h integrated yoga therapy module (IYTM) was designed after reviewing the literature in the field of yoga and LBP by utilizing the components of yoga at the body, subtle energy, and mind level, respectively. The designed IYTM was validated by subject experts."
Saper 2009	Hatha yoga	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Relaxation	Quote: "To design the protocol, we performed a systematic search of the peer‐reviewed and lay literature on yoga for low back pain. We collected and distributed this literature to an expert panel with a broad range of experience in different yoga styles. After reviewing the literature, the panel met and synthesized information from the literature with their professional experience to draft a protocol that was subsequently refined iteratively through discussion, consensus, and use in nonstudy yoga classes."
Saper 2017	Hatha yoga	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Relaxation Yoga philosophy	Quote: "A manualized yoga protocol of 12 weekly 75‐minute classes was adapted from previous studies in similar populations with input from expert yoga instructors, investigators, and former study participants (Table 2 of Supplement 2)."
Sherman 2005	Viniyoga	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Relaxation Mental focus	Quote: "Our class instructor and a senior teacher of viniyoga, who has written a book about its therapeutic uses …, designed the yoga intervention for patients with back pain who did not have previous yoga experience."
Sherman 2011	Viniyoga	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Relaxation	Used intervention developed by the class instructor and senior viniyoga teacher for previous trial. The developers are named and acknowledged in the protocol publication for this trial.
Tekur 2008	'Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT)'	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Relaxation Meditation Mental focus Chanting Yoga philosophy/lifestyle	Quote: "The specific 'integrated yoga therapy module for low back pain' was developed by a team of two yoga experts and a physiatrist. The concepts of the modules were taken from traditional yoga scriptures (patanjali yoga sutra, and yoga vasishtha) that highlight a holistic approach to health management at physical, mental, emotional and intellectual levels."
Teut 2016	Viniyoga	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Concentration	Quote: "The classes were developed by a group of experienced viniyoga teachers during a consensus process."
Tilbrook 2011	Iyengar and British Wheel of Yoga (described as hatha yoga on the website)	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Relaxation Mental focus Yoga philosophy/lifestyle	Quote from protocol publication: "Within the first three months of the study, whilst we gain ethics permission and NHS Research and Development approval, we will conduct a series of meetings between experienced yoga practitioners in order to agree on a basic package of yoga that can be delivered by yoga teachers of these two national organisations [British Wheel of Yoga and Iyengar Yoga Association (UK)]."
Wattamwar 2013	Combination of iyengar and traditional yoga	Postures (Asanas) Breathing (Pranayama) Prayer	—
Williams 2005	Iyengar yoga	Postures (Asanas)	Quote: "The yoga intervention was developed with the consultation of senior iyengar yoga instructors who had experience with iyengar's protocol for treating CLBP [chronic low back pain]. The principal investigator, an iyengar student for 14 years and teacher in training for 9 years, was introduced to the protocol for CLBP by Geeta Iyengar at Ramamani Memorial Institute in Pune, India in 1998. Since then she has utilized this therapeutic protocol and studied under senior iyengar teachers with a minimum of 25 years of experience."
Williams 2009	Iyengar yoga	Postures (Asanas)	Quote: "The yoga therapy was developed in collaboration with 2 senior iyengar teachers and approved by B. K. S. Iyengar."

^aAll information is as explicitly described in study publication(s) or report(s).