TABLE 4.

Initial testing of the total effect (c₁) of leptin, insulin and adiponectin concentrations on (a) total milk intake, (b) milk intake per feed, (c) infant weight, (d) length, (e) fat mass index and (f) body fat percentage, respectively.

	Log-HM leptin			Log-HM insulin			Log-HM adiponectin
	n	Estimate	95% CI	n	Estimate	95% CI	n	Estimate	95% CI
(a) Total milk intake (mL) for malesα	196	–5.1	[–14.6 to 4.4]	196	−89.8*	[–152.2 to (–27.4)]	197	–20.5	[–45.5 to 4.5]
(a) Total milk intake (mL) for femalesα	–	–	–	196	21.2	[–32.0 to 74.3]	–	–	–
(b) Milk intake per feed (mL)	196	1.1	[–0.6 to 2.8]	196	4.0	[–3.4 to 11.5]	197	–0.6	[–4.2 to 3.0]
(c) Infant weight (kg)	196	2.7	[–25.1 to 30.4]	196	140.2*	[23.3 to 257.2]	197	–37.4	[–111.7 to 36.9]
(d) Infant length (cm)	196	0.06	[–0.02 to 0.2]	196	0.2	[–0.2 to 0.6]	197	–0.18	[–0.4 to 0.06]
(e) Infant FMI	161	–0.0	[–0.05 to 0.04]	161	0.07	[–0.1 to 0.3]	162	–0.05	[–0.2 to 0.06]
(f) Infant body fat %	161	0.01	[–0.2 to 0.2]	161	0.03	[–0.6 to 1.1]	162	–0.17	[—0.7 to 0.3]

Log-HM hormones describes the exposure and (a–f) describes the outcomes in the models. Models (a, b) are adjusted for HM energy concentration, infant sex, weight and age, and models (c, e) are adjusted for HM energy concentration, infant sex, birth weight, and total milk intake.

^αThere was an interaction between log-HM insulin and infant sex, and the estimate of log-HM insulin is indicated separately for each sex for HM insulin only, whereas estimates of log-HM leptin and log-HM adiponectin is presented for both sexes in (a).

CI, confidence interval; FMI, fat mass index; HM, human milk.

p < ***0.001; p < **0.01; p < *0.05.