Table 1.
Characteristics of Patients Aged <21 Years With and Without Tachyarrhythmias Hospitalized With COVID‐19 or MIS‐C in 63 US Hospitals Participating in the “Overcoming COVID‐19” Public Health Registry, March 15, 2020, to December 31, 2021
| Tachyarrhythmia (n=63) | No tachyarrhythmia (n=3537) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, median (Q1, Q3) | 15.4 (10.4, 17.4) | 10.0 (5.3, 14.7) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 39 (62) | 2058 (58) | 0.64 |
| Met criteria for MIS‐C | 41 (65) | 2302 (65) | 1.00 |
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| White, non‐Hispanic | 16 (25) | 1120 (32) | 0.07 |
| Black, non‐Hispanic | 29 (46) | 1037 (29) | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 14 (22) | 935 (26) | |
| Other, non‐Hispanic | 3 (5) | 215 (6) | |
| Unknown | 1 (2) | 230 (7) | |
| Underlying conditions | |||
| At least 1 underlying condition | 36 (57) | 1658 (47) | 0.14 |
| Cardiovascular | 6 (10) | 137 (4) | 0.05 |
| Obesity | 35/60 (58) | 1124/3132 (36) | <0.001 |
| Presentation conditions | |||
| Organ systems involved, median (Q1, Q3) | 5 (4, 6) | 4 (3, 5) | <0.001 |
| Duration of symptoms prehospitalization, median (Q1,Q3) | 4 (3, 5.75) | 4 (3, 6) | 0.88 |
| Initial laboratory values (within 48 h) | |||
| Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, median (Q1,Q3)* | 9.00 (4.87, 16.74) | 5.96 (3.00, 101.17) | 0.003 |
| ALT (U/L), median (Q1, Q3)† | 48.0 (22.0, 91.0) | 32.0 (19.0, 58.0) | 0.02 |
| CRP (mg/dL), median (Q1, Q3)‡ | 14.9 (6.2, 28.0) | 12.9 (5.9, 21.0) | 0.17 |
| Troponin (ng/mL), median (Q1, Q3)§ | 0.50 (0.11, 6.75) | 0.08 (0.02, 0.59) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac complications | |||
| Cardiac involvement|| | 51 (81) | 1663 (47) | <0.001 |
| BNP or NT‐proBNP>1000 pg/mL | 33/40 (83) | 1146/1762 (65) | 0.03 |
| Elevated troponin | 42/51 (82) | 700/1939 (36) | <0.001 |
| Echocardiogram performed | 62 (98) | 2669 (75) | <0.001 |
| Normal ventricular systolic function | 20 (32) | 1682 (63) | <0.001 |
| Mild–moderate ventricular dysfunction | 22 (35) | 819 (31) | |
| Severe ventricular dysfunction | 19 (31) | 147 (6) | |
| Unknown ventricular function | 1 (2) | 22 (1) | |
| CAA (RCA or LAD z score ≥ 2.5) | 15 (24) | 256 (10) | <0.001 |
| Pericarditis or pericardial effusion | 25 (40) | 561 (21) | <0.001 |
| Critical care interventions | |||
| Any respiratory support | 51 (81) | 2089 (59) | <0.001 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 33 (53) | 585 (17) | <0.001 |
| Noninvasive mechanical ventilation only | 8 (13) | 421 (12) | 1.00 |
| Vasopressor requirement | 52 (84) | 1190 (34) | <0.001 |
| ECMO¶ | 15 (24) | 88 (2) | <0.001 |
| Severity scores first 24 h | |||
| pSOFA, median (Q1, Q3) | 4 (2, 6) | 2 (1, 4) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes | |||
| ICU admission | 61 (97) | 2630 (74) | <0.001 |
| ICU length of stay, d, median (Q1, Q3) | 9 (5, 16) | 3 (2, 6) | <0.001 |
| Hospital length of stay, d, median (Q1, Q3) | 11.5 (7.25, 18.75) | 6 (4, 9) | <0.001 |
| Death | 9 (14) | 77 (2) | <0.001 |
n (%) or median (Q1, Q3); chi‐squared test, Fisher exact test, or Mann–Whitney test where appropriate. ALT indicates alanine transaminase; CRP, C‐reactive protein; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; CAA, coronary artery aneurysm; RCA, right coronary artery; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU, intensive care unit; MIS‐C, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; and pSOFA, Pediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
Measured in 60 patients with tachyarrhythmias and 3160 without.
Measured in 56 patients with tachyarrhythmias and 2778 without.
Measured in 41 patients with tachyarrhythmias and 2475 without.
Measured in 37 patients with tachyarrhythmias and 1397 without.
Defined as BNP or NT‐proBNP ≥1000 pg/mL, elevated troponin, systolic ventricular dysfunction or coronary artery aneurysm.
Includes ECMO (veno‐venous and veno‐arterial) at any point during hospitalization, irrespective of indication.