Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy±Defibrillator Medicaid Beneficiaries (2013–2015)
| Characteristic | Early adopter, n=1061 (%) | Nonadopter, n=745 (%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age group, y | 0.62 | ||
| 20–34 | 53 (5.00) | 44 (5.91) | |
| 35–49 | 214 (20.17) | 155 (20.81) | |
| 50–64 | 667 (62.87) | 469 (62.95) | |
| 65+ | 127 (11.97) | 77 (10.34) | |
| Sex | 0.91 | ||
| Women | 362 (34.12) | 256 (34.36) | |
| Race and ethnicity | 0.0004 | ||
| Non‐Hispanic Black | 275 (25.92) | 257 (34.50) | |
| Hispanic | 244 (23.00) | 147 (19.73) | |
| Non‐Hispanic White | 542 (51.08) | 341 (45.77) | |
| Zip code income quartile* | <0.0001 | ||
| 1, lowest | 404 (38.08) | 398 (53.42) | |
| 2 | 215 (20.26) | 216 (28.99) | |
| 3 | 206 (19.42) | 108 (14.50) | |
| 4, highest | 236 (22.24) | 23 (3.09) | |
| Residence type | <0.0001 | ||
| Metropolitan | 969 (91.33) | 626 (84.03) | |
| Nonmetropolitan | 92 (8.67) | 119 (15.97) | |
| Heart failure | 0.24 | ||
| Systolic | 716 (67.48) | 468 (62.82) | |
| Diastolic | 26 (2.45) | 21 (2.82) | |
| Other | 191 (18.00) | 155 (20.81) | |
| None | 128 (12.06) | 101 (13.56) | |
| Anemia | 148 (13.95) | 133 (17.85) | 0.02 |
| Coagulation defects | 17 (1.60) | 9 (1.21) | 0.49 |
| Atrial arrhythmia | 343 (32.33) | 240 (32.21) | 0.96 |
| Ventricular arrhythmia | 258 (24.32) | 204 (27.38) | 0.14 |
| Complete atrioventricular block | 142 (13.38) | 87 (11.68) | 0.28 |
| Left bundle‐branch block | 365 (34.40) | 233 (31.28) | 0.16 |
| Right bundle‐branch block | 29 (2.73) | 19 (2.55) | 0.81 |
| Cardiac arrest | 44 (4.15) | 38 (5.10) | 0.34 |
| CKD | 190 (17.91) | 149 (20.00) | 0.26 |
| ESRD | 15 (1.41) | 8 (1.07) | 0.53 |
| COPD | 152 (14.33) | 151 (20.27) | 0.0009 |
| Diabetes | 357 (33.65) | 249 (33.42) | 0.92 |
| Depression | 90 (8.48) | 53 (7.11) | 0.29 |
| Hypertension | 704 (66.35) | 521 (69.93) | 0.11 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 527 (49.67) | 419 (56.24) | 0.01 |
| Obesity | 184 (17.34) | 163 (21.88) | 0.02 |
Ventricular arrhythmia includes ventricular fibrillation, flutter, tachycardia, and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. Other heart failure represents unspecified heart failure diagnosis; none represents cardiac resynchronization therapy±defibrillator without diagnosis of heart failure. CKD indicates chronic kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2); COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and ESRD, end‐stage renal disease.
*
The zip code income quartile represents the median household income for the patient's zip code.