Table 1.

Sample characteristics and bivariable results

Variables	% or M (SD)	HIV Stigma Experience
		Perceived		Internalized		Enacted
		β /O.R.	95% CI	β / O.R.	95% CI	β / O.R.	95% CI
HIV stigma experiences
Perceived stigma	6.06 (2.26)			0.43*	0.29, 0.58	0.40*	0.18, 0.63
Internalized stigma	4.68 (1.88)	0.63*	0.42, 0.84			0.39*	0.12, 0.65
Enacted stigma	9.39 (2.60)	0.31*	0.14, 0.47	0.22*	0.06, 0.36
Outcome variables
Adherence (VAS = 100%)
Nonadherent†	21%
Adherent	79%	0.95	0.76, 1.18	0.91	0.76, 1.109	0.99	0.81, 1.21
Adherence (VAS ≥ 90%)
Nonadherent†	10%
Adherent	90%	0.91	0.69, 1.21	0.88	0.71, 1.09	0.93	0.74, 1.16
CASE adherence index
Poor adherence†	14%
Good adherence	86%	0.87	0.69, 1.11	0.73*	0.59, 0.89	0.83*	0.68, 0.99
Self-esteem	28.91 (4.07)	−0.93*	−1.25, −0.62	−0.69*	−0.99, −0.40	−0.40*	−0.72, −0.07
Depression	15.56 (1.81)	0.30*	0.14, 0.46	0.30*	0.16, 0.45	0.17*	0.01, 0.32
Motivational barriers to adherence	14.94 (3.33)	−0.54*	−0.82, −0.27	−0.66*	−0.89, −0.43	−0.25	−0.53, 0.03
Behavioral barriers to adherence	27.61 (4.97)	−0.70*	−1.12, −0.28	−0.85*	−1.21, −0.50	−0.34	−0.78, 0.10
Covariates
Age (in years)	19.50 (3.25)	0.04	−0.10, 0.18	0.08	−0.08, 0.24	0.10	−0.06, 0.27
Gender
Female†	63.2%
Male	36.8%	−1.16*	−2.07, −0.25	0.01	−1.03, 1.04	−0.99	−1.99, 0.01
Health facility
Chipata Central†	55.1%
Lundazi General	44.9%	1.27*	0.41, 2.14	0.89	−0.10, 1.88	0.29	−0.75, 1.33
Currently in school
No†	37.7%
Yes	62.3%	0.43	−0.49, 1.35	−0.67	−1.70, 0.36	−0.95	−2.02, 0.12
Worked in the last 30 days
No†	78.1%
Yes	21.9%	−0.53	−1.61, 0.55	−0.49	−1.71, 0.73	−0.47	−1.76, 0.82
Attitudes toward living at home	20.14 (3.10)	−0.18*	−0.32, −0.04	−0.19*	−0.34, −0.03	−0.19*	−0.35, −0.04

Note. % = categorical variables, M=mean and SD=standard deviation for continuous variables.

^†= reference group.

^*p <.05.