Fig. 1. Scientific productivity and scientific labor as a function of environmental prestige.

(A) Across all disciplines, average faculty productivity tends to increase with prestige, while average group member productivity does not; higher deciles are more prestigious, and shaded intervals denote 95% confidence intervals. Group member productivity is the total number of papers coauthored by non-faculty group members with faculty, normalized by the length of their collaboration in years (see the Supplementary Materials). (B) A decomposition of faculty total productivity first by group productivity versus individual productivity and then grouped by disciplines with and without research group coauthorship norms (orange and green, respectively), showing that individual productivity is similar regardless of collaboration norms, but group productivity is substantially higher in disciplines with collaboration norms. (C and D) Funded scientific labor per faculty, as a function of prestige for disciplines with and without group collaboration norms, showing a systematic labor advantage for the highest prestige institutions regardless of norms; the cross-disciplinary mean is shown as a thick black line.