Table 1.
Median umbilical cord tissue trace element concentrations, overall and stratified by participant characteristics in the ELGAN study (n = 269).
| Non-essential trace elements (ng/g) | Essential trace elements (μg/g) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | Arsenic | Cadmium | Mercury | Lead | Copper | Manganese | Selenium | Zinc | |
| Overall | 269 (100.0) | 4.72 (3.32, 7.61) | 1.33 (0.76, 3.11) | 7.74 (3.66, 17.65) | 16.60 (9.30, 31.60) | 3.48 (2.97, 4.32) | 0.34 (0.30, 0.42) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.97) | 60.30 (52.23, 71.70) |
| Maternal age | |||||||||
| ≤ 25 years | 71 (26.4) | 3.80 (2.46, 5.19) | 0.99 (0.68, 2.47) | 5.62 (2.29, 10.84) | 12.60 (8.15, 25.05) | 3.26 (2.81, 4.11) | 0.34 (0.30, 0.42) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.96) | 56.30 (46.65, 63.10) |
| >25– ≤ 30 years | 74 (27.5) | 5.18 (3.32, 7.14) | 1.28 (0.75, 2.41) | 6.00 (3.14, 13.68) | 13.25 (8.77, 21.92) | 3.62 (3.08, 4.39) | 0.35 (0.28, 0.42) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.98) | 61.90 (53.83, 74.07) |
| >30– ≤ 35 years | 62 (23.0) | 4.75 (3.39, 9.22) | 1.35 (0.77, 3.01) | 10.75 (5.27, 17.84) | 19.30 (11.20, 31.90) | 3.79 (3.13, 4.36) | 0.35 (0.30, 0.42) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.95) | 61.30 (54.27, 72.80) |
| >35 years | 62 (23.0) | 6.36 (4.30, 9.80) | 1.79 (1.03, 3.73) | 15.54 (6.14, 32.62) | 21.85 (13.65, 43.50) | 3.40 (3.01, 4.58) | 0.33 (0.30, 0.42) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.96) | 61.85 (54.60, 74.93) |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| Hispanic | 20 (7.4) | 6.00 (4.38, 8.79) | 1.21 (0.82, 2.32) | 11.38 (4.58, 18.26) | 21.70 (12.60, 34.29) | 3.62 (3.35, 4.94) | 0.32 (0.28, 0.37) | 0.81 (0.73, 0.90) | 59.13 (53.20, 66.77) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 73 (27.1) | 3.80 (2.50, 6.75) | 0.88 (0.58, 2.21) | 6.70 (4.34, 13.69) | 11.30 (7.40, 19.50) | 3.50 (2.87, 4.47) | 0.34 (0.28, 0.43) | 0.91 (0.77, 0.99) | 55.30 (47.60, 62.99) |
| Non-Hispanic other | 10 (3.7) | 4.14 (3.32, 5.47) | 1.55 (1.02, 3.66) | 11.06 (3.48, 14.79) | 16.00 (12.62, 26.75) | 3.23 (3.02, 3.67) | 0.44 (0.39, 0.52) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.86) | 60.05 (47.60, 69.70) |
| Non-Hispanic white | 166 (61.7) | 4.97 (3.62, 8.04) | 1.54 (0.86, 3.75) | 8.29 (3.40, 18.95) | 18.65 (10.12, 35.10) | 3.47 (2.97, 4.24) | 0.34 (0.30, 0.41) | 0.86 (0.78, 0.96) | 63.05 (54.94, 77.77) |
| Maternal educational attainment | |||||||||
| Less than high school | 34 (12.6) | 3.93 (2.45, 5.45) | 1.65 (0.79, 3.34) | 6.17 (2.99, 14.37) | 14.60 (11.93, 32.04) | 3.42 (3.03, 4.18) | 0.37 (0.30, 0.40) | 0.84 (0.75, 0.92) | 52.90 (42.42, 63.70) |
| High school diploma | 124 (46.1) | 4.37 (2.81, 6.51) | 1.19 (0.76, 2.73) | 6.58 (3.34, 12.92) | 15.00 (8.17, 27.75) | 3.45 (2.89, 4.23) | 0.33 (0.30, 0.42) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.98) | 57.80 (48.90, 66.72) |
| College | 111 (41.3) | 5.70 (4.01, 9.85) | 1.36 (0.75, 3.27) | 11.19 (5.31, 26.43) | 19.40 (10.90, 33.25) | 3.58 (3.00, 4.49) | 0.35 (0.30, 0.41) | 0.88 (0.80, 0.96) | 64.70 (56.25, 75.90) |
| Maternal medicaid coverage | |||||||||
| No | 183 (68.0) | 5.50 (3.64, 8.93) | 1.35 (0.78, 3.00) | 10.41 (4.94, 21.55) | 18.20 (10.30, 33.99) | 3.54 (2.98, 4.24) | 0.35 (0.30, 0.42) | 0.87 (0.79, 0.97) | 62.80 (55.09, 75.50) |
| Yes | 86 (32.0) | 3.99 (2.47, 5.40) | 1.19 (0.72, 3.42) | 5.57 (2.62, 10.46) | 12.60 (8.12, 22.28) | 3.42 (2.94, 4.55) | 0.33 (0.29, 0.42) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.94) | 54.80 (46.38, 62.53) |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | |||||||||
| No | 244 (90.7) | 4.71 (3.32, 7.89) | 1.27 (0.75, 2.86) | 8.50 (3.83, 18.04) | 16.60 (9.17, 30.85) | 3.54 (2.99, 4.46) | 0.34 (0.30, 0.42) | 0.86 (0.79, 0.97) | 61.10 (52.68, 73.32) |
| Yes | 25 (9.3) | 4.74 (3.38, 5.50) | 2.45 (1.28, 14.89) | 5.52 (2.78, 10.86) | 14.70 (11.20, 35.90) | 3.28 (2.89, 3.87) | 0.37 (0.29, 0.40) | 0.80 (0.73, 0.96) | 54.20 (51.00, 60.10) |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index | |||||||||
| Normal | 167 (62.1) | 4.69 (3.42, 7.52) | 1.34 (0.78, 2.91) | 7.97 (3.33, 19.36) | 17.20 (9.65, 32.70) | 3.41 (2.88, 4.13) | 0.34 (0.30, 0.41) | 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) | 61.60 (53.25, 73.35) |
| Obese | 58 (21.6) | 4.44 (2.80, 6.46) | 1.15 (0.69, 3.49) | 6.63 (4.06, 11.96) | 16.20 (10.08, 29.80) | 3.88 (3.21, 4.74) | 0.33 (0.28, 0.41) | 0.83 (0.73, 0.91) | 55.70 (49.00, 62.10) |
| Overweight | 44 (16.4) | 5.78 (3.56, 9.81) | 1.42 (0.68, 3.39) | 10.87 (4.15, 19.56) | 11.90 (8.97, 21.33) | 3.46 (3.12, 4.23) | 0.35 (0.30, 0.46) | 0.86 (0.80, 0.97) | 63.70 (54.83, 72.83) |
| Geographic region | |||||||||
| Midwest | 68 (25.3) | 4.65 (3.26, 5.82) | 1.60 (0.72, 4.38) | 4.20 (2.22, 9.57) | 10.72 (6.68, 17.45) | 3.59 (2.91, 4.36) | 0.32 (0.29, 0.41) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) | 65.30 (56.22, 79.35) |
| New England | 121 (45.0) | 5.96 (4.20, 9.90) | 1.55 (0.85, 3.31) | 15.05 (8.13, 32.04) | 23.90 (17.00, 43.40) | 3.54 (3.07, 4.42) | 0.36 (0.31, 0.43) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.96) | 63.60 (56.59, 80.30) |
| North Carolina | 80 (29.7) | 3.32 (2.32, 5.20) | 1.03 (0.70, 1.96) | 6.00 (3.26, 8.73) | 11.15 (7.18, 19.27) | 3.30 (2.89, 4.01) | 0.32 (0.28, 0.42) | 0.77 (0.70, 0.85) | 50.45 (44.27, 58.02) |
| Infant sex | |||||||||
| Male | 149 (55.4) | 4.73 (3.32, 8.11) | 1.35 (0.81, 3.31) | 8.36 (4.02, 20.23) | 18.20 (10.83, 34.00) | 3.59 (3.02, 4.53) | 0.34 (0.30, 0.41) | 0.85 (0.79, 0.96) | 61.50 (53.95, 73.30) |
| Female | 120 (44.6) | 4.70 (3.32, 6.95) | 1.25 (0.73, 2.49) | 7.32 (3.43, 15.06) | 14.40 (8.82, 25.83) | 3.39 (2.88, 4.09) | 0.34 (0.30, 0.42) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.97) | 57.94 (50.94, 69.90) |
| Neonatal bacterial Sepsis | |||||||||
| No | 188 (69.9) | 5.05 (3.42, 8.64) | 1.22 (0.74, 2.59) | 8.56 (3.74, 20.22) | 16.80 (9.97, 31.38) | 3.54 (3.02, 4.46) | 0.34 (0.30, 0.42) | 0.86 (0.79, 0.97) | 59.68 (52.55, 70.33) |
| Yes | 81 (30.1) | 4.51 (3.07, 5.70) | 1.84 (0.86, 3.98) | 6.19 (3.35, 13.40) | 16.30 (8.70, 32.90) | 3.39 (2.86, 3.99) | 0.34 (0.29, 0.43) | 0.84 (0.75, 0.93) | 60.90 (51.70, 78.90) |
| Early-onset | 19 (7.1) | 5.00 (3.71, 7.13) | 2.15 (1.41, 4.80) | 12.63 (5.34, 21.13) | 16.30 (9.45, 31.40) | 3.83 (2.69, 4.19) | 0.34 (0.29, 0.45) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92) | 57.00 (51.90, 76.15) |
| Late-onset | 62 (23.0) | 4.14 (2.84, 5.69) | 1.77 (0.85, 3.93) | 5.46 (2.84, 11.32) | 16.17 (7.92, 32.94) | 3.33 (2.89, 3.85) | 0.34 (0.29, 0.41) | 0.84 (0.74, 0.94) | 61.04 (51.75, 78.90) |
Values inside the parenthesis represent the 25th and 75th percentiles.