Table 2.
Comparison of biomechanical data between FW and BW (bold indicates significance).
| Variables | FW | BW | Mean difference | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Walking speed (m/s) | 1.30 ± 0.10 | 0.97 ± 0.13 | −0.33 ± 0.11 | <0.001 ∗∗ |
| The first EKAM peak (Nm/kg) | 0.38 ± 0.13 | 0.28 ± 0.13 | −0.09 ± 0.12 | <0.001 ∗∗ |
| The second EKAM peak (Nm/kg) | 0.25 ± 0.12 | 0.21 ± 0.08 | −0.03 ± 0.09 | 0.008 ∗ |
| The first peak EKAM arm (m) | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | −0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ∗ |
| The second peak EKAM arm (m) | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | −0.003 ± 0.02 | 0.25 |
| KAAI (Nm/kg)•s | 0.12 ± 0.06 | 0.10 ± 0.05 | −0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ∗ |
| Early stance medial-lateral GRF (body weight) | 0.06 ± 0.01 | -0.08 ± 0.02 | −0.14 ± 0.03 | <0.001 ∗∗ |
| Late stance medial-lateral GRF (body weight) | 0.05 ± 0.02 | -0.05 ± 0.01 | −0.10 ± 0.03 | <0.001 ∗∗ |
| The first peak of vertical GRF (body weight) | 1.15 ± 0.09 | 1.32 ± 0.14 | 0.16 ± 0.13 | <0.001 ∗∗ |
| The second peak of vertical GRF (body weight) | 1.13 ± 0.08 | 0.96 ± 0.07 | −0.19 ± 0.08 | <0.001 ∗∗ |
| COP at the time of the first EKAM peak (mm) | 7.73 ± 6.72 | 3.99 ± 5.72 | −3.74 ± 9.00 | 0.004 ∗ |
| COP at the time of the second EKAM peak (mm) | 7.66 ± 7.67 | 6.51 ± 6.19 | −1.15 ± 9.47 | 0.37 |
∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗P < 0.001. Values were the mean ± SD. FW = forward walking, BW = backward walking, MD = mean difference, EKAM = external knee adduction moment, KAAI = knee adduction moment impulse, GRF = ground reaction force, and COP = center of pressure. A greater COP value refers to a more laterally located COP.