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. 2022 Jul 9;42(7):1379–1391. doi: 10.1007/s10875-022-01325-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral response and circulating CD4 + T cells in vaccinated and unvaccinated COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization. Anti-N IgG (A), anti-S IgM (B), anti-S IgG (C), and neutralizing Ig (D) titers in vaccinated (blue dots) and unvaccinated (red dots) COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization. (E–F) Representative plots and frequency of Spike-specific B cells in 30 vaccinated (blue dots) and 26 unvaccinated (red dots) COVID-19 patients and Spike-specific plasmablasts (G–H) in 22 vaccinated (blue dots) and 18 unvaccinated (red dots) COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization. Representative plots and frequency of Spike-specific (I–J) and N/M-specific (K–L) CD4+ T cells defined by CD154+ expression and production of at least 1 cytokine among IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in 26 vaccinated (blue dots) and 22 unvaccinated (red dots) COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization. Black lines indicate mean values. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001 calculated with Mann–Whitney U test