Table 1.
Descriptions of included studies
| Study | Sex | Sample | Level | Ankle sprains | Prognostic measurements | Length of tracking |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attenborough et al. 2017 [39] | Female | 94 netball players | Subelite, amateur | 11 | Age, Height, Weight, Injury history, SEBT (dynamic balance), CMJ, inversion–eversion (ankle joint laxity), CAIT-Y (joint instability), demi- pointe test (static balance), foot lift test (static balance), level of play | 1 season |
| Beynnon et al. 2001[40] | Female and male | 68 female and 50 male college athletes from various sports | Subelite |
f: 13 m: 7 |
Weight, Height, Dorsiflexion ROM, anterior drawer (ankle joint laxity), concentric strength (plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion), eccentric strength(plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion)leg dominance, modified Beighton method (generalszed joint laxity), anatomic foot type, inversion ROM (unweighted), eversion ROM (unweighted), rearfoot varus/valgus ROM (unweighted), forefoot/rearfoot relationship, Dorsiflexion ROM (knee extended, weightbearing), calcaneus varus/valgus (weightbearing), tibial varus valgus (weightbearing), concentric and eccentric ratio (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, eversion/inversion), A-P centre of gravity sway (static balance) | 2 seasons |
| DeRidder et al. 2016 [41] | Male | 133 youth soccer players | Subelite | 12 | Age, BMI, isometric strength (hip flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external rotation, internal rotation), playing experience, leg dominance, adjusted body size, exposure | 3 seasons |
| Engebretsen et al. 2010 [42] | Male | 508 professional soccer players | Elite | 43 | Age, Weight, Height, BMI, Injury history, anterior drawer (ankle joint laxity), Dorsiflexion ROM FAOS function score, single leg balance test (static balance), clinical examination, foot type, standing rearfoot alignment, hallux position, supination ROM, pronation ROM, playing position | 1 season |
| Fousekis et al. 2012 [43] | Male | 100 professional soccer players | Elite | 17 | Age, Weight, Height, BMI, anterior drawer (ankle joint laxity), concentric and eccentric strength (dorsiflexion and plantarflexion) dorsiflexion ROM, plantarflexion ROM, lower limb functional length, tibia length, proprioception (all not included parameters are dichotomous) | 1 season |
| Gribble et al. 2015 [21] | Male | 539 high school and college American football athletes | Amateur | 54 | Age, Weight, Height, BMI, Injury history, SEBT (dynamic balance), modified FMS | 1 season |
| Hartley et al. 2018 [20] | Female and male | 167 female and 384 male collegiate athletes from various sports | Subelite |
f: 21 m: 38 |
BMI, Injury history, YBT (dynamic balance), YBT asymmetry, Dorsiflexion ROM, modified BESS (static balance) | 2 seasons |
| Kawaguchi et al. 2021 [44] | Male | 145 collegiate soccer players | Subelite | 31 | Age, Weight, Height, BMI, Injury history, Dorsiflexion ROM, Playing experience, muscle mass, fat mass, general joint laxity, bilateral balance test (force plate), unilateral balance test (force plate), height of navicular tubercle, knee extension ROM, hip internal rotation ROM, muscle flexibility (Iliopsoas, quadriceps, hamstring, gastrocnemius, soleus), isometric strength (knee extension and flexion, hip abduction) | 1 season |
| Kofotolis et al. 2007 [18] | Male | 312 soccer players | Amateur | 139 | Injury history | 2 seasons |
| Kofotolis et al. 2007 [45] | Female | 204 professional basketball players | Elite | 32 | Injury history | 2 seasons |
| McCann et al. 2018 [46] | Female | 43 collegiate soccer athletes | Subelite | 8 | Weight, Height, BMI, Injury history | 1 season |
| Powers et al. 2017 [19] | Male | 185 youth and adult professional soccer players | Subelite, elite | 25 | Age, Weight, Height, BMI, Injury history, isometric strength (hip abduction) | 1 season |
| Saki et al. 2021 [16] | Male | 152 youth athletes from various sports | Amateur | 34 | Age, Weight, Height, BMI, Injury history, Dorsiflexion ROM, Plantarflexion ROM, navicular drop, Q angle, tibia vara, tibia rotation, knee recurvatum | 2 seasons |
| Tyler et al. 2006 [17] | Male | 152 American football high-school athletes | Amateur | 15 | Injury history, BMI (dichotomous) | 1–3 seasons |
| Willems et al. 2005 [47] | Male | 241 sport students | Amateur | 44 |
Age, Weight, Height, BMI, Dorsiflexion ROM, Plantarflexion ROM, joint position sense, flamingo balance, standing broad jump, shuttle run, endurance shuttle, concentric and eccentric strength (inversion, eversion, plantarflexion, dorsiflexion), Inversion ROM, Eversion ROM, metatarsophalangeal-1-joint flexion ROM, metatarsophalangeal-1-joint extension ROM, hip external rotation ROM, hip internal rotation ROM, calcaneus position subtalar joint in neutral position (weighted, unweighted, and weighted with subtalar joint not in neutral position), postural control (force-plate), muscle reaction time (peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius) |
1 season |
| Willems et al. 2005 [48] | Female | 159 sport students | Amateur | 32 | Age, Weight, Height, BMI, Dorsiflexion ROM, Plantarflexion ROM, joint position sense, concentric and eccentric strength (inversion, eversion, plantarflexion, dorsiflexion), Inversion ROM, Eversion ROM, metatarsophalangeal-1-joint flexion ROM, metatarsophalangeal-1-joint extension ROM, hip external rotation ROM, hip internal rotation ROM, calcaneus position subtalar joint in neutral position (weighted, unweighted, and weighted with subtalar joint not in neutral position), postural control (force-plate) | 1 season |
SEBT Star excursion balance test, CMJ Counter movement jump, CAIT-Y Cumberland ankle instability tool-youth, f Female, M Male, ROM Range of motion, A-P Anterior–posterior, BMI Body mass index, FAOS Foot and ankle outcome score, FMS Functional movement screen, YBT Y-Balance Test, BESS Balance error scoring system, Q angle Quadriceps angle. Bold text denotes outcomes that were eligible for meta-analysis