Table 6.

Various lanthanide-doped optical pressure sensors [5].

Material	Method Merits	Demerits		Optical pressure sensitivity
Ce3+ doped Fluorapatite	λem-Centroid shift and peak broadening	Very high-pressure sensitivity	Limited to 30 Gpa	0.67 nm/GPa
Eu3+ doped aAlO3	Shift in charge transfer transition	High linearity, Simple approach of using variation in charge transfer state	Low-pressure sensitivity, Complexity due to Multiple peaks	14.4 cm−1/kbar
Eu3+ doped Y2O2S	Shift in charge transfer transition	Simple	pressure in investigations extends only up to 24 GPS	-
BaWO4: Ce single crystal	Host emission intensity	Singular emission peak	Not much change in spectral profile in terms of peak position and width, lower sensitivity	-
KMgF3:Eu2+	Change in Eu2+ spectral profile	Singular emission, Suitable for multi-cycle pressure experiments,	Low-pressure range up to 30 GPa, an issue with the toxic character of fluorine, issue in low temperature	-0.815 cm−1/kbar
Nd3+: Gd3 Sc2Ga3O12 crystal	Change in Nd3+ spectral profile	NIR P-T sensor in anvil cells at low temperatures and from ambient pressure up to 12 GPa	Several peaks, limited to the low-pressure zone	-8.8 cm−1/GPS
LaPO4/YPO: Yb3+ - Tm3+	Change in the upconversion emission profile of Tm3+	High-pressure sensitivity	Multiple peaks, complex phenomenon	-
SrB2O4:Sm2+ nanoparticles	Change in Sm2+ spectral profile	Sm2+-based contactless pressure nano-sensor allows a very accurate pressure sensing ($\pm$ 0.01 GPa)	Data available for Pup to 25 GPa only, lack of singular emission	0.24 nm/GPa
Cerium nitrate doped PVDF fiber	Change in Ce3+ spectral profile	Singular emission can work as low as well as high-pressure sensors, wide linear dynamic range	Moderate pressure sensitivity	0.28 nm/GPa
Ammonium Cerium sulfate doped PVDF fiber	Change in Ce3+ spectral profile	Singular emission can work as low as well as the high-pressure sensor	low-pressure sensitivity	0.10 nm/GPa