Figure 1.

MSE and bias of previous and proposed formula in the case of no ascertainment and no measurement error for the prevalence across different values for the liability-scale heritability

(A) The proposed estimate yields lower MSE in the settings where the prevalence is low ($K<0.01$). The benefit of using the proposed formula decreases as the underlying liability-scale heritability increases, stemming from (B) the small bias introduced in the proposed estimate that is also bounding the estimate below 1. For example, for moderate size liability-scale heritability $h_l^2=0.45$, the relative downward bias is 4%. For datasets created under simulation scenario 1, the ribbon around the line indicates the 95% CI via a bootstrapping procedure with 250 replicates.