. 2022 Nov 18;15:83. doi: 10.1186/s13047-022-00586-9

Table 3.

Factors entered in the multivariate models for each of the SF-36 domains^a

Physical Function	Role Physical	Role Emotional	Vitality	Mental Health	Social Functioning	Bodily Pain	General Health
Age (r = -.15, p = 0.010) Sex (t = 4.9,p < 0.001) Education (t = -2.1, p = 0.035) Work (t = 5.7, p < 0.001) SES score (r = .12, p = 0.040) Walking aid (t = -13.1,p < 0.001) Orthopedic shoes (t = 1.3, p = 0.191) Barefoot (t = -1.8, p = 0.078) BMI (r = -.27, p < 0.001) Alcohol (t = -2.8, p = 0.005)	Sex (t = 3.3, p = 0.001) Ethnicity (t = -2.3, p = 0.024) Education (t = -1.9, p = 0.065) Work (t = 2.8, p < 0.01) SES score (r = .1, p = 0.069) Walking aid (t = -7.4,p < 0.001) BMI (r = -.12, p = 0.040) Alcohol (t = -2.8, p = 0.005) Smoking (t = 2.0, p = 0.042) Minor lesions (t = -1.6, ,p = 0.104)	Ethnicity (t = -2.1, p = 0.047) Education (t = -1.3, p = 0.184) Work (t = -2.9, p = 0.005) SES score (r = 0.1, p = 0.198) Walking aid (t = -3.5,p < 0.001) Smoking (t = -1.5, p = 0.147) Alcohol (t = -1.8, p = 0.073) Minor lesions (t = -1.4, p = 0.177) Microvascularcomplications (t = -1.4, p = 0.074)	Age (r = .12^.p = 0.039) Sex (t = -2.6, p = 0.010) Ethnicity (t = 2.4, p = 0.016) Work (t = 2.1, p = 0.033) SES score (r = 0.1, p = 0.192) Walking aid (t = -5.1,p < 0.001) BMI (r = -.18, p < 0.003) Alcohol (t = -2.7, p < 0.007) Minor lesions (t = 2.2, p = 0.029)	Age (r = .15, p = 0.009) Sex (t = -1.6, p = 0.111) Ethnicity (t = -2.3, p = 0.035) Work (t = -1.8, p = 0.073) Live alone (t = 1.7, p = 0.095) Walking aid (t = -4.0,p < 0.001) BMI (r = -.1, p = 0.124) Alcohol (t = 2.6, p = 0.006) Minor lesions (t = -1.9, p = 0.063)	Sex (t = 3.6,p < 0.001) Ethnicity (t = -2.4, p = 0.016) Work (t = 2.7, p < 0.01) SES score (r = 0.1, p = 0.195) Walking aid (t = -6.1,p < 0.001) Diabetes type (t = -2.5, p = 0.011) Diabetes duration (r = -.1, p = 0.059) BMI (r = -.1, p = 0.080) Alcohol (t = 2.7, p < 0.008) Minor lesions (t = 2.9, p < 0.01)	Sex (t = 4.0,p < 0.001) Ethnicity (t = -2.0, p = 0.048) Education (t = -2.1, p = 0.033) Work (t = 4.1,p < 0.001) Walking aid (t = -7.8,p < 0.001) Barefoot (t = -1.4,p = 0.161) BMI (r = -.18, p = 0.002) Alcohol intake (t = -3.2, p = 0.002) Amputation (t = 2.7, p = 0.007) Minor lesions (t = -1.8, p = 0.078) Time ulcer heal (r = -.1, p = 0.129)	Age (r = .22, p < 0.001) Sex (t = -1.8, p = 0.087) Ethnicity (t = -2.3, p = 0.024) Work (t = 1.8, p = 0.070) Live alone (t = 1.4, p = 0.150) Diabetes type (t = -1.5, p = 0.134) Diabetes Duration (r = -.1, p = 0.100) BMI (r = -.1, p = 0.081) Alcohol (t = -1.9, p = 0.062) Walking aid (t = -4.1,p < 0.001) Foot deformity (t = 1.7, p = 0.092) HB1Ac (r = -.18, p = 0.005) Microvascular complications (t = 2.1, p = 0.034)

Physical Function

Role Physical

Role Emotional

Vitality

Mental Health

Social Functioning

Bodily Pain

General Health

Age

(r = -.15, p = 0.010)

Sex

(t = 4.9,p < 0.001)

Education

(t = -2.1, p = 0.035)

Work

(t = 5.7, p < 0.001)

SES score

(r = .12, p = 0.040)

Walking aid

(t = -13.1,p < 0.001)

Orthopedic shoes

(t = 1.3, p = 0.191)

Barefoot

(t = -1.8, p = 0.078)

BMI

(r = -.27, p < 0.001)

Alcohol

(t = -2.8, p = 0.005)

Sex

(t = 3.3, p = 0.001)

Ethnicity

(t = -2.3, p = 0.024)

Education

(t = -1.9, p = 0.065)

Work

(t = 2.8, p < 0.01)

SES score

(r = .1, p = 0.069)

Walking aid

(t = -7.4,p < 0.001)

BMI

(r = -.12, p = 0.040)

Alcohol

(t = -2.8, p = 0.005)

Smoking

(t = 2.0, p = 0.042)

Minor lesions

(t = -1.6, ,p = 0.104)

Ethnicity

(t = -2.1, p = 0.047)

Education

(t = -1.3, p = 0.184)

Work

(t = -2.9, p = 0.005)

SES score

(r = 0.1, p = 0.198)

Walking aid

(t = -3.5,p < 0.001)

Smoking

(t = -1.5, p = 0.147)

Alcohol

(t = -1.8, p = 0.073)

Minor lesions

(t = -1.4, p = 0.177)

Microvascularcomplications

(t = -1.4, p = 0.074)

Age

(r = .12^.p = 0.039)

Sex

(t = -2.6, p = 0.010)

Ethnicity

(t = 2.4, p = 0.016)

Work

(t = 2.1, p = 0.033)

SES score

(r = 0.1, p = 0.192)

Walking aid

(t = -5.1,p < 0.001)

BMI

(r = -.18, p < 0.003)

Alcohol

(t = -2.7, p < 0.007)

Minor lesions

(t = 2.2, p = 0.029)

Age

(r = .15, p = 0.009)

Sex

(t = -1.6, p = 0.111)

Ethnicity

(t = -2.3, p = 0.035)

Work

(t = -1.8, p = 0.073)

Live alone

(t = 1.7, p = 0.095)

Walking aid

(t = -4.0,p < 0.001)

BMI

(r = -.1, p = 0.124)

Alcohol

(t = 2.6, p = 0.006)

Minor lesions

(t = -1.9, p = 0.063)

Sex

(t = 3.6,p < 0.001)

Ethnicity

(t = -2.4, p = 0.016)

Work

(t = 2.7, p < 0.01)

SES score

(r = 0.1, p = 0.195)

Walking aid

(t = -6.1,p < 0.001)

Diabetes type

(t = -2.5, p = 0.011)

Diabetes duration

(r = -.1, p = 0.059)

BMI

(r = -.1, p = 0.080)

Alcohol

(t = 2.7, p < 0.008)

Minor lesions

(t = 2.9, p < 0.01)

Sex

(t = 4.0,p < 0.001)

Ethnicity

(t = -2.0, p = 0.048)

Education

(t = -2.1, p = 0.033)

Work

(t = 4.1,p < 0.001)

Walking aid

(t = -7.8,p < 0.001)

Barefoot

(t = -1.4,p = 0.161)

BMI

(r = -.18, p = 0.002)

Alcohol intake

(t = -3.2, p = 0.002)

Amputation

(t = 2.7, p = 0.007)

Minor lesions

(t = -1.8, p = 0.078)

Time ulcer heal

(r = -.1, p = 0.129)

Age

(r = .22, p < 0.001)

Sex

(t = -1.8, p = 0.087)

Ethnicity

(t = -2.3, p = 0.024)

Work

(t = 1.8, p = 0.070)

Live alone

(t = 1.4, p = 0.150)

Diabetes type

(t = -1.5, p = 0.134)

Diabetes Duration

(r = -.1, p = 0.100)

BMI

(r = -.1, p = 0.081)

Alcohol

(t = -1.9, p = 0.062)

Walking aid

(t = -4.1,p < 0.001)

Foot deformity

(t = 1.7, p = 0.092)

HB1Ac

(r = -.18, p = 0.005)

Microvascular complications

(t = 2.1, p = 0.034)

^aEach of the potential factors with HRQOL were individually analysed for each of the eight SF-36 scales using Pearson’s r correlation for ratio data or independent samples t-test for dichotomous data