Figure 11. Dicarbonyl scavenger PPM lessened injury in proximal TECs and LECs.

(A–C) In cultured TECs, PPM treatment reduced uptake of IsoLG-apoAI, KIM-1 (HAVCR1), and NLRP3 gene expression. (D–F) In cultured LECs, PPM treatment attenuated proliferation, migration, and NLRP3 gene expression. In vitro, experiments were performed independently 3 times with 3 wells per treatment. Data represent mean ± SEM. Statistical significance determined by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Wilcoxon rank sum tests and Bonferroni correction on P values. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.