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. 2022 Sep 28;73(21):7165–7181. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erac384

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 1. — The chloroplast as metabolic hub for phytohormone precursors. Numerous phytohormone pathways start with secondary metabolism in plastids: xanthoxine biosynthesis via the xanthophyll cycle—the precursor of ABA; chorismate biosynthesis—the precursor of SA and auxin (IAA); oxidized lipids such as linolenic acid—the precursor of jasmonates (via JA); cystathionine—the precursor for methionine and thus ethylene. ACC: 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid; OPDA, oxophytodienoic acid; SAM, S-adenosyl-l-methionine.