Table 2.

Randomized clinical trials on antimicrobial peptides and caries management/prevention

No.	Study hypothesis	Study findings, inference, & clinical relevance	Author(s)/year
1	Gaseous ozone effect on deep carious pathogens identified from incompletely excavated carious lesions was evaluated. In addition, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from pulpal tissue, neuronal nitric oxide synthase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was also investigated in this study	Gaseous ozone reduced microbial count of bacteria that includes lactobacillus. The levels of VEGF were higher in pulp tissue and SOD activity was lower in the study group than controls. The findings of the study confirmed that gaseous ozone has a biocompatible effect on pulpal tissue by rendering antimicrobial action	Krunić et al. 2019 [30]
2	Salivary human neutrophil peptide 1-3 (HNP 1-3) levels were compared in the study group with probiotic supplements and in the control group. The results of the study showed higher levels of salivary HNP 1-3 among caries resistant children than caries susceptible	Lactobacillus paracasei probiotics enhance HNP 1-3 temporarily with significant statistical correlation elevated Lactobacillus spp. counts. The study also showed reduced S. mutans but did not show statistical correlation	Wattanarat et al. 2015 [31]
3	Importance of salivary proteins adsorbed on enamel surface and its demineralization effect was evaluated	Surfaces of enamel coated with whole saliva, parotid saliva, dialyzed whole and dialyzed protein saliva showed significantly higher levels of protection than uncoated enamel. The parotid and whole saliva rendered better protective action than dialyzed saliva. The findings of the study denoted that ionic contents of saliva provide protection against acid related enamel demineralization	Martins et al. 2013 [32]
4	S. mutans adhesion to cellular surface inhibition was studied by plasmon resonance method using synthetic peptide (p1025) to residues of 1025-1044 adhesions	In-vivo study model on streptococcal adhesion investigation revealed prevention of recolonization of S. mutans but not Actinomyces spp. The results of the study confirmed that peptide molecules inhibited microbial adhesins and prevented colonization	Kelly et al. 1999 [33]