Table 3.

Full model testing the effects of moderators on predator-induced TGP in offspring traits (Hedges g; N = 441 effect sizes)

	Est ± s.e	95% CI (ci.lb, ci.ub)	T	P	Anova test of moderator
Intercept	1.13 ± 0.98	− 0.79, 3.05	1.16	0.25
Offspring trait					F3,429 = 5.26, P = 0.001**
Behaviour/performance
Growth/development	0.54 ± 0.28	− 0.02, 1.09	1.91	0.06
Physiology	− 0.16 ± 0.27	− 0.70, 0.37	− 0.60	0.55
Size/mass	− 0.46 ± 0.18	− 0.82, − 0.11	− 2.54	0.01
Age at measurement					F3,429 = 0.74, P = 0.53
Embryo
Birth	0.06 ± 0.49	− 0.90, 1.02	0.12	0.90
Juvenile	− 0.22 ± 0.46	− 1.12, 0.68	− 0.48	0.63
Maturity	0.02 ± 0.46	− 0.88, 0.93	0.05	0.95
Reproductive mode					F1,429 = 2.25, P = 0.13
Oviparous
Viviparous	0.48 ± 0.32	− 0.15, 1.12	1.50	0.13
Cue type					F4,429 = 1.50, P = 0.20
Auditory
Chemical	− 1.36 ± 0.87	− 3.07, 0.35	− 1.56	0.12
Visual	− 0.76 ± 0.89	− 2.51, 1.00	− 0.84	0.40
Multicomponent	− 0.71 ± 0.87	− 2.43, 1.01	− 0.81	0.42
Predator presence	− 0.79 ± 0.87	− 2.51, 0.92	− 0.91	0.36

Significance tests of all moderators individually are presented in the table, and an overall test of all moderators combined, and model heterogeneity (% I²), are also shown

Test of moderators: F_11,429 = 2.12, P = 0.02; I² total = 96.27% (I²_paper = 26.77%, I²_species = 8.22%, I²_effectsize = 61.27%)