Table 1.

Nutritional composition of the standardised breakfast meals

Meal	Description	Energy (kcal)	Carbohydrate (g) [%E]	Fat (g) [%E]	Protein (g) [%E]	Fibre (g)
UK Average	3 muffins	502	71.2 [56.7]	22.2 [39.8]	9.6 [7.6]	2.2
Metabolic Challenge	2 muffins + 1 milkshake	890	85.5 [38.4]	52.7 [53.3]	16.1 [7.2]	2.3
OGTT	82.5 g glucose powder	300	75.0 [100]	0 [0]	0 [0]	0
High Carb	3 muffins	504	95.4 [75.7]	9.0 [16.1]	9.4 [7.5]	1.7
High Fat 1	2 muffins	500	40.5 [32.4]	34.8 [62.6]	9.0 [7.2]	1.1
High Fat 2	2 muffins	501	28.2 [22.5]	39.3 [70.6]	8.1 [6.5]	0.8
High Fibre	2 muffins + 2 fibre bars	534	94.8 [71.0]	12.9 [21.7]	9.3 [7.0]	15.3
High Protein	2 muffins + 1 milkshake	502	71.4 [56.9]	5.7 [10.2]	40.8 [32.5]	2.0

OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, E energy. The High Fat 1 and High Fat 2 meals were combined into a single High Fat meal for subsequent analysis. The “UK Average” meal consists of a medium amount of fat and carbohydrates, and is representative of the typical UK diet (NDNS survey, https://www.food.gov.uk/research/national-diet-and-nutrition-survey). The percent energy values are calculated using the approximate Atwater system (4 kcal/grams of protein, 4 kcal/grams of carbohydrates and 9 kcal/grams of fat), and thus may not necessarily sum to 100%. Adapted from⁸.