Fig. 4.

Personalized therapeutic strategies toward mitochondria. a The structure and function of mitochondria are displayed, with emphasis on the TCA cycle and β-oxidation. In contrast, cancer cells rely on the “Warburg effect” to achieve energy supply. b Mitochondrial dysfunctions to trigger cell death include metabolism disruption, redox state imbalance, and perturbation of mtDNA. Once mitochondrial damage and mPTP opening occur, cell death may occur by mitophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis, or ferroptosis. IMM inner mitochondrial membrane, OMM outer mitochondrial membrane, MM mitochondrial matrix, PDK dehydrogenase kinases, GAPDH glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, ROS reactive oxygen species, GSH glutathione, Cyt C cytochrome C