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. 2022 Nov 19;13:7091. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33486-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Pressure evolution of a 70 mAh Graphite/NMC532 multilayer pouch cell cycled at different C-rates (upper). The cell is charged and discharged symmetrically between 3 V and 4.2 V at different C-rates with a constant-current constant-voltage (CC-CV) charging protocol under a cut-off current of 0.1 C. The corresponding differential pressure profile (bottom) shows Li-plating is detected at 2 C and 3 C charging. b Optical (left) and SEM (right) images of the graphite anode after cycling. The blue and red squares show the regions with SEI shell and dead Li, respectively. c The dP/dQ profiles of the cell charged at different slow charging rates (≤1 C here) have similar maximums and stay below the defined threshold throughout the entire charging period. d The dP/dQ profiles of the cell charged at fast-charging C-rates (2 C and 3 C) go beyond the threshold indicating Li-plating. e The pressure change and charge capacity profiles at 3 C charge/discharge show that when there is Li-plating, the pressure reaches maximum before the capacity does. The misalignment of these two peaks causes the negative portion of the dP/dQ during charging.