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. 2022 Nov 19;13:7091. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33486-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a 200 mAh commercial battery with rolled graphite/NMC532 electrodes cycled at 1 C under 30 °C and 0 °C without dynamic regulation, dP/dQ displays Li-plating triggered by low temperature (0 °C). b Scheme for self-regulated charging. BMS calculates and monitors the real-time dP/dQ value, when it senses Li-plating, the current is modulated to extinguish the plating. c, d The 200 mAh commercial cell is cycled at 1 C under 30° and 0° with the dynamic regulation of BMS, Li-plating is effectively contained. e Optical images of the cycled graphite anodes at the charged state. Without dynamic regulation, the anode surface is covered by a thick layer of Li metal; with dynamic regulating, the anode shows a golden color, known as lithiated graphite in LiC₆ phase.