Table 1.
Demographics of the QBB diabetes and control groups
| Trait | Diabetes | Controls | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size (N = 4895) | 1051 | 3844 | — |
| Sex (male) | 444 (42.2%) | 1635 (34.5%) | 0.895 |
| Age (years) | 51.2 (11.3) | 34.8 (10.4) | 5.96 × 10−261 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.2 (5.9) | 28.2 (5.8) | 7.66 × 10−78 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 125.3 (16.5) | 110.9 (13.1) | 2.28 × 10−101 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 71.2.3 (11.3) | 67.4 (10.2) | 2.63 × 10−18 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.5 (1.8) | 5.2 (0.3) | 2.47 × 10−223 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.1 (0.7) | 2.89 × 10−54 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.9 (1.0) | 2.9 (0.9) | 2.32 × 10−2 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.4) | 7.68 × 10−33 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.9 (1.0) | 4.9 (0.9) | 0.463 |
| HOMA2-IR * | 2.1 (1.9) | 1.2 (0.7) | 3.47 × 10−23 |
| HOMA2-IR (all data) | 2.8 (3.1) | 1.6 (1.6) | 1.06 × 10−34 |
| HOMA2-B (%) * | 66.6 (54.1) | 104.9 (35.9) | 1.15 × 10−46 |
| HOMA2-B (%) (all data) | 76.4 (64.5) | 120.9 (62.4) | 4.27 × 10−77 |
| CPEP (nmol/L) | 1.0 (0.6) | 0.8 (0.5) | 2.04 × 10−30 |
| Random Glucose (mg/dL) | 161.1 (72.3) | 90.2 (10.3) | 1.59 × 10−155 |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) * | 154.1 (62.7) | 90.8 (8.7) | 2.91 × 10−86 |
| Fasting Insulin (pmol/L) * | 120.7 (270.1) | 65.8 (41.4) | 2.75 × 10−6 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) (all data) | 146.9 (266.1) | 86.0 (100.7) | 1.08 × 10−12 |
| Fasting time >8 h | 555 (52.8%) | 1925 (40.6%) | 0.095 |
| Family history of diabetes | 796 (75.7%) | 2491 (64.8%) | 1.86 × 10−10 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 63.2 (18.3) | 67.6 (34.4) | 2.83 × 10−7 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 99.4 (17.7) | 112.9 (14.1) | 1.29 × 10−98 |
| Smoking | |||
| MQ: Current smoker (cigarettes, cigar, pipe) | 107 (10.2%) | 687 (14.5%) | 2.69 × 10−9 |
| MQ: Current smoker (water pipe) | 65 (15.5%) | 477 (21.1%) | 2.99 × 10−2 |
| MQ: Second-hand smoker | 273 (26.0%) | 1274 (26.9%) | 1.21 × 10−5 |
| MQ: Second-hand water pipe smoker | 191 (18.2%) | 1079 (22.8%) | 3.86 × 10−11 |
| Physical activity | |||
| MQ: Exercise – (>3 hr/week moderate or >1 hr/week heavy) | 82 (7.8%) | 805 (17.0%) | 1.76 × 10−22 |
| MQ: Exercise – (>0 hr/week moderate or >0 hr/week heavy) | 136 (12.9%) | 1177 (24.8%) | 3.15 × 10−30 |
*These clinical traits were computed for individuals who fasted for eight or more hours at the time of blood drawing.
HOMA2-IR: homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance. HOMA2-B: homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function. Family history is defined as either parent having a history record of diabetes. MQ represents a question from the “main questionnaire”. The second physical activity question is cumulative and includes the individuals from the first physical activity question. The data are number (%) or means (SD), as appropriate, p values are from Fisher or two-sided student t tests for categorical or continuous variables, respectively.